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Biology 20-1 > Blood and Immunity > Flashcards

Blood and Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

The blood component that provides the major defense for our bodies against invading bacteria and viruses

A

White blood cells – Leukocytes

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2
Q

The relatively clear liquid medium which carries the other cells of blood

A

plasma

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3
Q

Most of the volume of normal human blood is composed of..?

A

plasma

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4
Q

Where does hemopoiesis / hematopoiesis take place?

A

In red bone marrow

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5
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Designed to carry oxygen

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6
Q

Hematocrit

A

the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood

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7
Q

Why do erythrocytes lack a nucleus?

A

They lose their nucleus during developpement to accommodate more hemoglobin so that they can transport more oxygen

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8
Q

What is the lifespan of a erythrocyte?

A

120 days

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9
Q

What changes occur in an individual’s blood when they go to higher altitudes for long periods of time? Why?

A

The number of red blood cells increase.

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10
Q

Pluripotent

A

Cells that have the potential to differentiate into any type of blood cell or into cells that produce platelets

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11
Q

How is RBC production controlled?

A

By a negative feedback mechanism that is sensitive to the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues via the blood.

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12
Q

What is plasma composed of?

A

fluids, proteins, glucose, gasses, wastes, and vitamins and minerals. (Valerie Makes a Painting With Fancy Glitter Glue)

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13
Q

Hemoglobin

A

A specialized protein that helps to carry oxygen

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14
Q

The body’s natural bandage to stop bleeding

A

Platelets

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15
Q

Digests bacteria in a specific area using phagocytosis (WBC)

A

Neutrophils

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16
Q

Responsible for adaptive immunity (WBC)

A

Lymphocytes

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17
Q

Used for antigen presentation (slow) (WBC)

A

Monocytes

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18
Q

Respond to multicellular parasites (WBC)

A

Eosinophils

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19
Q

Initiate inflammatory responses (WBC)

A

Basophils

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20
Q

Granulocytes (and where do they originate?)

A

Leukocytes contain granules in their cytoplasm and originate from the bone marrow

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21
Q

Agranulocytes (and where do they originate?)

A

Leukocytes which do not contain granules in their cytoplasm. Originate from lymph nodes.

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22
Q

Phagocytic attack

A

Non-specific - carried out by macrophages

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23
Q

Antibody-Mediated attack

A

Specific defences (antibodies are designed to attack only one type of invader.) - carried out by lymphocytes

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24
Q

What is the phagocytic attack process?

A
  1. Puts a coating on the invader (immobilizes it)
  2. Dissolves invader membrane (kills invader)
  3. Attracts the macrophage
  4. Macrophage
    • Engulfs the remains
    • Stores invader antigen info
      (Can Dogs Actually Make Elves Sing?)
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25
What is wrong with the phagocytic attack process? Why can't our bodies only use it to fight off pathogens?
It is not sufficient for large concentrations of rapidly dividing foreign bodies
26
Antibody-Mediated Attack Process
Establishes antibodies for LONG TERM defense. Specific and targeted.
27
Clonal Selection
A certain B-cell and all the cells that derive from it will only make one type of antibody its whole life
28
Immunosuppressive response
Suppressor T cells tell immune system to stop the proliferation of immune cells
29
What cells trigger an immunosuppressive response?
Suppressor T cells
30
How do Killer T cells know which cells are foreign? What do they do to them?
Recognize the antibody presence - puncture holes in the membrane
31
Who gives killer Ts the message to attack? When do they send this message?
Helper Ts - when the antibodies are attached to antigens
32
What cells facilitate production of antibodies during second degree exposure?
Memory B cells
33
Why is it important for memory B cells to be present after first degree exposure even when the body is not infected by a disease?
This reduces the time taken to attack the same invader during a second exposure
34
Who gives plasma B cells information? Info abt what?
Helper Ts - about the antigen
35
Plasma B Cells pass on _________ info to __________ in the __________
Antigen --- memory b cells --- bone marrow
36
Which leukocytes leave the bone marrow with the antibody to attach them to the foreign invader?
Plasma B cells
37
Where are platelets formed from?
Stem cell cytoplasm. They break off unusually large cells found in the bone marrow
38
What are the types of glycoproteins?
Type A and type B
39
What glycoprotein(s) does type O blood have?
None!
40
What differs on the surface of red blood cells?
glycoproteins
41
What antibodies are present in the plasma of type A blood?
Anti-B
42
What antibodies are present in the plasma of type B blood?
Anti-A
43
What antibodies are present in the plasma of type AB blood?
None
44
What antibodies are present in the plasma of type O blood?
Anti-A and anti-B
45
What is agglutination?
clumping of red blood cells caused by antibodies attaching to antigens
46
Why is agglutination dangerous?
Agglutination renders RBCs inactive and can clog vessels in the cardiovascular system
47
Anti-B serum will cause agglutination in which blood types?
Types B and AB
48
Anti-A serum will cause agglutination in which blood types?
Types A and AB
49
If neither anti-A or anti-B cause agglutination in a blood sample, what blood type is the sample?
type O
50
What blood type(s) can people with AB blood accept?
Type A, B, AB and O (universal receiver)
51
What is thromboplastin?
An enzyme that helps to convert prothrombin (inactive) into thrombin (active)
52
What is thrombin? What is it's role?
An enzyme (active form of prothrombin) that splits up a fibrogen molecule to form fibrin
53
What triggers blood clotting?
Platelets burst on contact with a break in a vessel wall
54
What is thrombin? What is its role?
An enzyme (active form of prothrombin) that splits up a fibrinogen molecule to form fibrin
55
bacteria
complete organisms that reproduce by cell division.
56
Virus
Cannot reproduce on their own. They need a host cell.
57
Sensitization
When an Rh - person develops antibodies after a first exposure to the Rh factor, so next time, a blood transfusion from a Rh+ person will cause agglutination
58
A patient with O- blood can receive what type(s) of blood?
O-
59
A patient with AB+ blood can receive what type(s) of blood?
All
60
A patient with AB- blood can receive what type(s) of blood?
O- ; B- ; A- ; AB-
61
A patient with A+ blood can receive what type(s) of blood?
O- ; O+ ; A- ; A+
62
A patient with A- blood can receive what type(s) of blood?
O- ; A-
63
A patient with B+ blood can receive what type(s) of blood?
O- ; O+ ; B- ; B+
64
A patient with B- blood can receive what type(s) of blood?
O- ; B-
65
A patient with O+ blood can receive what type(s) of blood?
O- ; O+
66
Life span of granulocytes and monocytes
Few hours to a few days
67
Life span of platelets
2-8 days
68
Size order of cells in blood, smallest to largest
Platelets, RBC, lymphocytes, granulocytes and monocytes
69
What do hemoglobin based oxygen carriers do?
Seeks to replace RBCs, can carry oxygen while waiting for bone marrow to make more,
70
Advantages of hemoglobin based oxygen carriers
Has no antigens (can be donated to anyone) and cannot act as a host for blood borne pathogens
71
What are two examples of blood borne pathogens?
HIV or Hepatitis
72
Where do new WBCs form?
In the spleen, bone marrow and other tissues
73
Difference of Memory Ts from memory Bs
Trigger other cells (CELL MEDIATED) to attack invaders without the use of antibodies (often times the response is quicker)

Biology 20-1 (12 decks)

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