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Biology 20-1 > Blood and Immunity > Flashcards

Blood and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

The blood component that provides the major defense for our bodies against invading bacteria and viruses

A

White blood cells – Leukocytes

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2
Q

The relatively clear liquid medium which carries the other cells of blood

A

plasma

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3
Q

Most of the volume of normal human blood is composed of..?

A

plasma

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4
Q

Where does hemopoiesis / hematopoiesis take place?

A

In red bone marrow

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5
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Designed to carry oxygen

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6
Q

Hematocrit

A

the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood

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7
Q

Why do erythrocytes lack a nucleus?

A

They lose their nucleus during developpement to accommodate more hemoglobin so that they can transport more oxygen

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8
Q

What is the lifespan of a erythrocyte?

A

120 days

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9
Q

What changes occur in an individual’s blood when they go to higher altitudes for long periods of time? Why?

A

The number of red blood cells increase.

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10
Q

Pluripotent

A

Cells that have the potential to differentiate into any type of blood cell or into cells that produce platelets

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11
Q

How is RBC production controlled?

A

By a negative feedback mechanism that is sensitive to the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues via the blood.

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12
Q

What is plasma composed of?

A

fluids, proteins, glucose, gasses, wastes, and vitamins and minerals. (Valerie Makes a Painting With Fancy Glitter Glue)

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13
Q

Hemoglobin

A

A specialized protein that helps to carry oxygen

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14
Q

The body’s natural bandage to stop bleeding

A

Platelets

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15
Q

Digests bacteria in a specific area using phagocytosis (WBC)

A

Neutrophils

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16
Q

Responsible for adaptive immunity (WBC)

A

Lymphocytes

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17
Q

Used for antigen presentation (slow) (WBC)

A

Monocytes

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18
Q

Respond to multicellular parasites (WBC)

A

Eosinophils

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19
Q

Initiate inflammatory responses (WBC)

A

Basophils

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20
Q

Granulocytes (and where do they originate?)

A

Leukocytes contain granules in their cytoplasm and originate from the bone marrow

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21
Q

Agranulocytes (and where do they originate?)

A

Leukocytes which do not contain granules in their cytoplasm. Originate from lymph nodes.

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22
Q

Phagocytic attack

A

Non-specific - carried out by macrophages

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23
Q

Antibody-Mediated attack

A

Specific defences (antibodies are designed to attack only one type of invader.) - carried out by lymphocytes

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24
Q

What is the phagocytic attack process?

A
  1. Puts a coating on the invader (immobilizes it)
  2. Dissolves invader membrane (kills invader)
  3. Attracts the macrophage
  4. Macrophage
    • Engulfs the remains
    • Stores invader antigen info
      (Can Dogs Actually Make Elves Sing?)
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25
Q

What is wrong with the phagocytic attack process? Why can’t our bodies only use it to fight off pathogens?

A

It is not sufficient for large concentrations of rapidly dividing foreign bodies

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26
Q

Antibody-Mediated Attack Process

A

Establishes antibodies for LONG TERM defense. Specific and targeted.

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27
Q

Clonal Selection

A

A certain B-cell and all the cells that derive from it will only make one type of antibody its whole life

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28
Q

Immunosuppressive response

A

Suppressor T cells tell immune system to stop the proliferation of immune cells

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29
Q

What cells trigger an immunosuppressive response?

A

Suppressor T cells

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30
Q

How do Killer T cells know which cells are foreign? What do they do to them?

A

Recognize the antibody presence - puncture holes in the membrane

31
Q

Who gives killer Ts the message to attack? When do they send this message?

A

Helper Ts - when the antibodies are attached to antigens

32
Q

What cells facilitate production of antibodies during second degree exposure?

A

Memory B cells

33
Q

Why is it important for memory B cells to be present after first degree exposure even when the body is not infected by a disease?

A

This reduces the time taken to attack the same invader during a second exposure

34
Q

Who gives plasma B cells information? Info abt what?

A

Helper Ts - about the antigen

35
Q

Plasma B Cells pass on _________ info to __________ in the __________

A

Antigen — memory b cells — bone marrow

36
Q

Which leukocytes leave the bone marrow with the antibody to attach them to the foreign invader?

A

Plasma B cells

37
Q

Where are platelets formed from?

A

Stem cell cytoplasm. They break off unusually large cells found in the bone marrow

38
Q

What are the types of glycoproteins?

A

Type A and type B

39
Q

What glycoprotein(s) does type O blood have?

A

None!

40
Q

What differs on the surface of red blood cells?

A

glycoproteins

41
Q

What antibodies are present in the plasma of type A blood?

A

Anti-B

42
Q

What antibodies are present in the plasma of type B blood?

A

Anti-A

43
Q

What antibodies are present in the plasma of type AB blood?

A

None

44
Q

What antibodies are present in the plasma of type O blood?

A

Anti-A and anti-B

45
Q

What is agglutination?

A

clumping of red blood cells caused by antibodies attaching to antigens

46
Q

Why is agglutination dangerous?

A

Agglutination renders RBCs inactive and can clog vessels in the cardiovascular system

47
Q

Anti-B serum will cause agglutination in which blood types?

A

Types B and AB

48
Q

Anti-A serum will cause agglutination in which blood types?

A

Types A and AB

49
Q

If neither anti-A or anti-B cause agglutination in a blood sample, what blood type is the sample?

A

type O

50
Q

What blood type(s) can people with AB blood accept?

A

Type A, B, AB and O (universal receiver)

51
Q

What is thromboplastin?

A

An enzyme that helps to convert prothrombin (inactive) into thrombin (active)

52
Q

What is thrombin? What is it’s role?

A

An enzyme (active form of prothrombin) that splits up a fibrogen molecule to form fibrin

53
Q

What triggers blood clotting?

A

Platelets burst on contact with a break in a vessel wall

54
Q

What is thrombin? What is its role?

A

An enzyme (active form of prothrombin) that splits up a fibrinogen molecule to form fibrin

55
Q

bacteria

A

complete organisms that reproduce by cell division.

56
Q

Virus

A

Cannot reproduce on their own. They need a host cell.

57
Q

Sensitization

A

When an Rh - person develops antibodies after a first exposure to the Rh factor, so next time, a blood transfusion from a Rh+ person will cause agglutination

58
Q

A patient with O- blood can receive what type(s) of blood?

A

O-

59
Q

A patient with AB+ blood can receive what type(s) of blood?

A

All

60
Q

A patient with AB- blood can receive what type(s) of blood?

A

O- ; B- ; A- ; AB-

61
Q

A patient with A+ blood can receive what type(s) of blood?

A

O- ; O+ ; A- ; A+

62
Q

A patient with A- blood can receive what type(s) of blood?

A

O- ; A-

63
Q

A patient with B+ blood can receive what type(s) of blood?

A

O- ; O+ ; B- ; B+

64
Q

A patient with B- blood can receive what type(s) of blood?

A

O- ; B-

65
Q

A patient with O+ blood can receive what type(s) of blood?

A

O- ; O+

66
Q

Life span of
granulocytes and monocytes

A

Few hours to a few days

67
Q

Life span of platelets

A

2-8 days

68
Q

Size order of cells in blood, smallest to largest

A

Platelets, RBC, lymphocytes, granulocytes and monocytes

69
Q

What do hemoglobin based oxygen carriers do?

A

Seeks to replace RBCs, can carry oxygen while waiting for bone marrow to make more,

70
Q

Advantages of hemoglobin based oxygen carriers

A

Has no antigens (can be donated to anyone) and cannot act as a host for blood borne pathogens

71
Q

What are two examples of blood borne pathogens?

A

HIV or Hepatitis

72
Q

Where do new WBCs form?

A

In the spleen, bone marrow and other tissues

73
Q

Difference of Memory Ts from memory Bs

A

Trigger other cells (CELL MEDIATED) to attack invaders without the use of antibodies (often times the response is quicker)

Biology 20-1 (12 decks)

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