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A&P General > Aerodynamics > Flashcards

Aerodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Atmosphere Composition

A

Nitrogen - 78%
Oxygen - 21%
Other gases - 1%

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2
Q

International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)

A

Defines a “Standard Day” conditions

All aircraft and engine performance data are based on ISA conditions

Altitude = Mean Sea Level (MSL)

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3
Q

Air Density

A

Air weighs .07651 lbs/cu ft under ISA conditions

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4
Q

Air Density and Temperature

A

Temperature increases, air density decreases

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5
Q

Air Density and Altitude

A

Altitude increases, air density decreases

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6
Q

Air Density and Humidity

A

Humidity increases, air density decreases

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7
Q

Air Density and Pressure

A

Pressure decreases, air density decreases

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8
Q

Air Density and Aircraft & Engine Performance

A

A decrease in air density causes a decrease in both aircraft and engine performance

Both lift and power decrease

Aircraft and engine perform best on a cool, dry day

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9
Q

Humidity

A

Measure of the amount of water vapor in the air

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10
Q

Humidity and Temperature

A

The amount of water vapor that can be held in the air is directly proportional to the temperature

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11
Q

Relative Humidity

A

A Ratio between the water vapor present in an air mass…
…compared to the amount that could be held at a specific temperature and pressure if the air were completely saturated

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12
Q

Dew Point

A

The temperature to which an air mass must be cooled to become completely saturated (RH = 100%)

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13
Q

Aerodynamics

A

The study of objects in motion through the air and the effects of these motions

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14
Q

Chord

A

The straight line distance from the leading to the trailing edge of an airfoil

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15
Q

Camber

A

The curvature of an airfoil

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16
Q

Relative wind

A

The oncoming airflow as seen by the airfoil

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17
Q

Angle of Attack

A

the acute angle formed between the chord line and the relative wind

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18
Q

Angle of incidence

A

the acute angle formed between the chord line and the longitudinal axis

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19
Q

Bernoulli’s Principle

A

Pressure is inversely proportional to velocity when fluid flowing through a tube passes through a constriction

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20
Q

Forces Affecting Flight

A

Gravity (or weight)
Lift
Thrust
Drag

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21
Q

Lift (3)

A

Produced when an airfoil meets the relative wind at a small angle of attack

The force which opposes gravity

An increase in lift will always be associated with an increase in drag

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22
Q

Thrust (2)

A

Forward propulsive force provided by engines

The center of thrust is located below the center of drag

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23
Q

Drag

A

Resistance to forward motion caused by friction between air and aircraft

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24
Q

Types of Drag

A

Induced Drag
Parasite Drag

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25
Q

Induced Drag

A

Drag caused by the production of lift

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26
Q

Parasite Drag

A

Drag caused by non lift producing structures ( wheels, struts, windscreen, etc…)

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27
Q

Equilibrium

A

A condition where lift equals gravity and thrust equals drag

Aircraft is in a straight line and level flight at a constant speed

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28
Q

Longitudinal Axis

A

Runs from the nose to the tail

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29
Q

Lateral Axis

A

Runs from wing tip to wing tip

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30
Q

Vertical Axis

A

Runs from the belly to the top

31
Q

Axis Intersection

A

At the center of gravity

32
Q

Ailerons

A

Controls “roll,” motion around the longitudinal axis

33
Q

Ailerons Location

A

Located at the trailing edge of the wind near the wing tips

34
Q

Ailerons Operation

A

Rotation of the control wheel or side to side motion of the control stick

35
Q

Control Stick Left

A

Left aileron up, right down

36
Q

Control Stick Right

A

Right aileron up, left down

37
Q

Ailerons Differential

A

A rigging that causes the upward moving aileron to deflect farther than the downward moving aileron

38
Q

Elevators

A

Controls “pitch,” motion around the lateral axis

39
Q

Elevators Location

A

Located at the trailing edge of the horizontal stabilizer

40
Q

Elevators Operation

A

Forward or Reward motion of the wheel or stick

41
Q

Control Stick Forward

A

Elevator down, nose down

42
Q

Control Stick Rearward

A

Elevator up, nose up

43
Q

Elevators Function

A

Changes the angle of attack, which changes lift and drag

The elevator is the primary speed control

Aircraft climbs or descends primarily as the result of power changes

44
Q

Rudder

A

Controls “yaw,” motion around the vertical axis

45
Q

Rudder Location

A

Located on the trailing edge of the vertical stabilizer

46
Q

Rudder Operation

A

Operated by the rudder pedals

Left Foot = left rudder

Cancels the unequal drag caused by aileron deflection

47
Q

Rudder Function

A

Streamlines fuselage

Reduces drag and improves the quality of a turn, but does not turn the aircraft

48
Q

Longitudinal Stability

A

Stability around the lateral axis

49
Q

How is Longitudinal Stability Achieved?

A

Maintaining the center of lift behind the center of gravity on the aircraft wing nose heavy

50
Q

Lateral Stability

A

Stability around the longitudinal axis

51
Q

How is Lateral stability achieved?

A

Lateral stability is maintained by wing dihedral

52
Q

Wing Dihedral

A

The upward bend or the wings stretching out from the wing base to the wing tip

53
Q

Wing Dihedral Benefit

A

Gives the aircraft the tendency to return wings to level after rolling

54
Q

Torque (Propeller Driven Aircraft)

A

In single engine aircraft, the engine rotates clockwise which tends to roll the fuselage counterclockwise

55
Q

Asymmetrical Thrust (Propeller Driven Aircraft)

A

At high AOA, the descending blade produces more thrust than the ascending blade, causing the aircraft to yaw to the left

56
Q

Spiraling slipstream (Propeller Driven Aircraft)

A

The rotating propeller causes the backward airflow to wrap around the fuselage and strike the vertical stabilizer on the left side, causing the tail to yaw right which in turn cause the nose to yaw left

57
Q

Gyroscopic Precession (Propeller Driven Aircraft

A

As the nose of the aircraft is returned to level from high AOA, a greater force is exerted on the top of the propeller. This force is felt 90 degrees ahead and in the direction of rotation causing the aircraft to yaw left

58
Q

Flaps

A

Deployed to increase the camber of the airfoil

59
Q

Flaps Benefits

A

Increases lift and drag

Reduces stall speed for reduced landing speed or takeoff roll

60
Q

Plain flaps

A

Hinged at the trailing edge of the wing

Will move down and into airflow (least efficient)

61
Q

Split Flap

A

Section of the lower wing surface hinged forward of trailing edge

62
Q

Fowler Flap

A

Flap moves aft and down when deployed

increases wing area first before increasing wing angle of attack (most efficient)

63
Q

Slotted Flap

A

As flap deploys and air slot is created between the trailing edge of the wing and the leading edge of the flap

64
Q

Leading Edge Flaps

A

Serve the same function as the trailing edge flaps and are deployed in addition to the trailing edge flaps

65
Q

Variable Camber Leading Edge

A

The entire edge is mounted and drops down to increase the camber of the airfoil

66
Q

Slots

A

Permanent fixtures located just aft of the leading edge of a flight surface.

Delays the air separation off the top of the wing.

67
Q

Slotted Leading Edge

A

Increases the angle of attack which may be maintained without stall

68
Q

Slats

A

A Section of the leading edge is mounted on tracks moving forward and down creates an air slot

These may be aerodynamically or mechanically controlled

69
Q

Slotted Flight Controls

A

Slots located ahead of primary flight control surfaces usually ailerons

Incorporated to increase roll control during slow flight

70
Q

Airfoil

A

Any structure designed to manipulate the flow of a fluid to produce a reaction, which in an aircraft’s case, is aerodynamic lift

71
Q

What Kind of Stability Does the Rudder Provide?

A

Directional stability

72
Q

What Kind of Stability Does the Rudder Provide?

A

Directional stability

73
Q

Winglets

A

Near-vertical extension of the wingtip that reduces the aerodynamic drag associated with vortices that develop at the wingtips as the airplane moves through the air. Decreases fuel consumption

A&P General (18 decks)

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