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Biology Gr 11 (Ontario) > Stuff I kind of/don't know > Flashcards

Stuff I kind of/don't know Flashcards

1
Q

Name the Enzymes used to replicate DNA.

A

A helicase enzyme ‘unzips’ the Dna, and them a polemerase enzyme builds a matching side for the two sides of the DNA, replicating them.

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2
Q

Name the Parts of the DNA double helix.

A

A phosphate group and a penhose (deooxyribose) sugar form the sides of the double helix. A nitrogenous base forms pairs to create the rungs of the ladder.

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3
Q

What is Mendel’s law of Independent assortment?

A

The inheritance of alleles for one trait does not affect the inheritance of alleles for another trait.

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4
Q

What is Mendel’s law of Segregation?

A

We recieve one allele from each of our parents and they are assigned to us randomly. Each individual carries two alleles, but we only pass on one.

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5
Q

What is Epigenetics?

A

The study of the epigenome - chemicals tags throughout a gene’s lifetime that make it turn its cell into the many different organs of the body (specialization)

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6
Q

What is Biogeography?

A

Seperate geological areas will have similar species with similar adaptations, or similar species with different traits in the same location.

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7
Q

What is Molecular Biology? How does it predict species relatedness?

A

Molecular biology studies DNA, enzymes, and genomes. IT can can see similarities and differences between different genomes of species, showing relatedness.

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8
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Two groups of the same species are seperated geographically, and adapt to their respective environments, creating a new species.

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9
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

A portion of a species population adapt to a different part of a shared ecosystem, splintering off a new species.

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10
Q

What are the five characteristics of a Monocot?

A

One cotelydon, have a sheath during infancy for protection, have parallel veins in leaves, flower petals in multiples of three, cannot develop woody stem.

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11
Q

What are the Five characteristics of a Dicot?

A

Two cotelydons, have a hook shape during infancy for protection, have branching web veins in leaves, flower petals in multiples of four or five, can grow a woody stem thru secondary growth.

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12
Q

What are the six steps of the xylem flow mechanism?

A
  1. Water molecules move into the roots via osmosis. Root hairs increase surface area.
  2. Active transport (ATP) moves water into vasuclar tissue through the casparian strip (endodermic cells)
  3. The new xylem sap moves up the stem via root pressure. More water will flow in, pushing water up.
  4. Capillary action halps the sap up, with cohesion and andhesion to the trachieds and vessel elements.
  5. water goes to the plant through pits in the trachieds and vessel elements.
  6. Transporation pulls the water up to the leaves and out the stomata on the leaves. Water loss at the leaves pulls the water up.
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13
Q

What are the four steps of the pressure flow mechanism?

A
  1. Sugars start in the source (storage). They move to the phloem tube via active transport.
  2. Water moves to the oversaturated phloem cells through osmosis and moves the sugar around
  3. Sugar moves into the sink through diffusion as it has a lower concentration.
  4. Water is returned to the xylem cells thrtough active transport.
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14
Q

What is binary fission?

A

An asexual way for bacteria to reproduce. Similar to mitosis but without organelles.

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15
Q

What is transformation?

A

Bacteria pick up DNA from their environment. DNA is then incorporated into the genome.

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16
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Bacteria link together via sex pilus, and one bacteria transfers DNA to the other.

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17
Q

What is transduction?

A

Viruses inject DNA from one bacteria to another. (bacteriophages)

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18
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

Antibiotics kill bacteria by breaking down their cell membranes of bacteria, exposing them to water. (they are hydrophobic)

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19
Q

What are the five unique characteristics of kingdom animalia?

A
  1. Body organisation - has specialised organ systems and cells, nerves.
  2. Germ layers - Ectoderm (outer layer), endoderm (inner layer), Mesoderm (middle layer)
  3. Coelom - a hollow body with room for organs
  4. A digestive tract - tube or bag
  5. Symmetry - Asymettry, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry w/ protostomes (mouth first) and deuterostomes (anus first)
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20
Q

What is a blastula?

A

Hollow cell balls formed during an animal’s development.

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21
Q

What is phyla porifera

A

Neither P nor D, acoelomate, , no symmetry, filters nutrients from environment (sponge)

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22
Q

What is phyla Cnidaria

A

P, acoelemate, radial, bag, hunts for food, simple nervous system (jellyfish)

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23
Q

What is phyla Platyheminthes

A

P, acoelemate, bilateral, bag, catch food with mouth, bundle of nerves cells at head (Flatworms, tapeworms)

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24
Q

What is phyla Nematoda?

A

P, pseudocolelmate, bilateral, tube, crushes food whole in pharynx, has two nerves. (roundworms, heartworm)

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25
Q

What is phyla Annelida?

A

P, coelemate, bilateral, tube, central nerve and simple brain, lungs, blood vessels and hearts. (earthworms, leeches)

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26
Q

What is What is phyla mollusk

A

P, coelemate, bilateral, tube, microscopic teeth, cental nervous system, open circulatory system. (snail, slug).

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27
Q

What is phyla Arthropoda?

A

P, coelemate, bilateral, tube, advanced nervous system, lugna, dorsal heart (spider, crayfish)

28
Q

What is phyla echninodermata?

A

D, coelemate, radial symmetry, tube, central nerve ring (starfish, sea urchin)

29
Q

What is phyla chordata?

A

D, coelemate, bilateral, tube, central brain, lungs, circulatory system (human)

30
Q

What is phyla rotifera?

A

P, pseudocoloemate, bilateral, tube, two sense receptors, nerves, simple brain, no lungs or circulatory system/ (prarotatoria)

31
Q

Name the three essential nutrients, their uses, and their macronutrients.

A

Carbohydrates (sugars): used for energy - monosaccerides
Protiens: used for building new cells and organelles and repairing cells - amino acids
Fats: used for strengthening cell membranes - triglycerides, a glycerol w/ 3 fatty acid chains

32
Q

What characterises an open circulatory system?

A

Blood is put into the body cavity from arteries. Fluids flow into veins that pump them back to the heart as pressure rises in the body (insects, arthropods)

33
Q

What is a single circulatory system?

A

Has a single pump. Aeortic arches have additional muscle that pumps blood through the body (worm, insect). Can also be a two chambered heart with one atrium and one ventricle. (fish)

34
Q

What is a double circulatory system- three chambered heart?

A

Blood goes through the pump twice. Oxygen rich blood from the lungs goes to the left atrium, oxygen poor blood goes to the right. they both empty to one ventricle and mix. (reptiles, amphibeans)

35
Q

What is a double circulatory system - four chambered heart?

A

Left atrium (oxygenated blood) –> left ventricle –> body –> right atrium (deoxygenated) –> right ventricle –> lungs –> left atrium

36
Q

What is Nondisjunction?

A

A muatation at the phenotypic level. When more than one half of a tetrad or chromosome is pulled to one side during meiosis. Results in one gamete with too many genes, or too little genes.

37
Q

What is Down syndrome?

A

Occurs when one has three instances of the 21st chromosome (trisomy 21). Causes developmental delay, unique facial structure

38
Q

What is klinefelter’s syndrome?

A

When one has three copies of the sex chromosomes - XXY. Present as males, but grow breasts, infertility, and learning disorders.

39
Q

What is translocation?

A

A mutation at the chromosomal level. Chromsomes switch places with each other or are added to each other: down syndrome

40
Q

What is deletion?

A

Error at gene level. A portion of a chromsome is deleted: cri du chat syndrome (5d)

41
Q

What is duplication?

A

Genes or chromosomes are duplicated: Klinefelter’s syndrome

42
Q

What is Inversion?

A

Genes segment is inserted backwards during replication. Results in death.

43
Q

What is meant by species vary globally?

A

Species varying globally describes how species living in similar environments on other sides of the world will look similar. An example is the ostrich, emu, and rhea in Africa, Australia, and South aMerica. They all look and function similarly as they all live on plains. This also explains super unique animals in unique habitats around the world, like how most things in Australia are adapted to the extreme temperature and environment. (Kangaroos)

44
Q

What is meant by species vary locally?

A

When species vary locally, they have small differences that allow them to adapt to their slightly different habitats.
An example is the giant tortoise. On one rainy, vegetative island, the tortoises have short necks to reach the low level vegetation that grows there. On a dry, barren island the tortoises have long necks to reach the few plants that are available. Darwin also found different finches with different shaped beaks that allowed them to eat the unique fruit and nuts that grew on each of the islands. This finch came to be known as the Darwin Finch.

45
Q

What is meant by species vary over time?

A

When species vary over time they change slightly over many, many generations and years. This allows a species to adapt to new weather patterns or colonisation areas.

46
Q

Order of evolutionary events:
Multicellular organisms
Photosynthsis
Prokaryotic organisms
Aerobic respiration
Formation of earth
Chloroplasts + mitochondria

A

Formation of earth
Prokaryotic organisms
Photosynthesis
aerobic respiration
Chloroplasts + mitochondria
Multicellular organisms

47
Q

Early primate traits

A

Forward facing eyes
more flattened molars for increased plant diet
grasping hands and feet with opposable first digits

48
Q

What is the prosmian lineage?

A

The prosimian lineage gave rise to present day lemurs, lorises, pottos, and tarsiers, characterized by very large eyes (compared to their skull), nocturnal activities and often a long tail.

49
Q

What is the anthropod lineage?

A

The anthropoid lineage gave rise to monkeys, apes, and humans, characterized by enlarged brains, colour vision, sensitive touch in digits, etc.

50
Q

What happens at the root tip during primary growth?

A

At the zone of cell dividion, more cells are made, extending the root. At the zone of elongation, they specialize into their different substances. At the zone of maturation, they carry out their jobs.

51
Q

What is the endodermis?

A

This holds water when going to the vascular system and makes sure it goes to the right place and oesn’t leak into the cell. Encapsulates the casparian strip. Like the cuticle, but for roots.

52
Q

Name the five plant hormones and their uses, as well as where they are found.

A
  1. Auxin - Causes cell elongation. In apical meristem
  2. Cytokimins - promote all cell division in meristems, young leaves, growing seeds, etc. Control ageing.
  3. Gibberellens - 100 different compounds that control size of plant, flowering, and fruit production.
  4. Abscisic Acid (ABA) - Stops cell division, stopping growth. Used in winter, drought. Closes stomata.

5 Ethine - Gas that triggers developmental stages. (fruit maturing, falling, leaf maturing, falling, flower growth

53
Q

How are species named?

A

Binomial nomenclature. The genus comes first, and the species name comes after. e.g. Homo sapiens (italicised)

54
Q

Name the four shapes of bacteria and what they look like.

A

Cocci - round
Baccilli (rod)
Spirilli - Spiral

55
Q

Name the four shapes of bacteria and what they look like.

A

Cocci - round
Baccilli (rod)
Spirilli - Spiral

56
Q

Name the four organisations of bacteria.

A

Single (mono)
double (diplo)
chain (strepto)
clump (staphylo)

57
Q

What shape would a diplococci bacteria be in

A

double round shape.

58
Q

What is a zygospore fungi

A

Reproduce sexually an asexually and produce zygospores during sexual reproduction (bread mold)

59
Q

What is a club fungi?

A

Have fruiting bodies called basidiocarps that form basidiospores (mushrooms)

60
Q

What is a sac fungi?

A

form sacs called asci during sexual reproduction. Spores are produces at hyphae tip. (yeast, mildew)

61
Q

Imperfect fungi

A

Do not have sexual reproduction (peniccilum, P. roguefort)

62
Q

What are protozoa

A

Animal like protists. They are motile, no cell wall. e.g. amoeba.

63
Q

What is an algae

A

Contains clorophyll, do photosynthesis, as well as cath their own food. e.g. Euglena

64
Q

What is a slime mold?

A

visible to naked eye as tiny ‘slug-like’ organisms
this ‘blob’ is called a plasmodium which is multicellular and contains many nuclei
engulfs like an amoeba

These are the spore bearing structures called sporangia. Spores are produced during the sexual stage of the life cycle and can survive dry periods that would otherwise kill the plasmodium.
e.g. mycomycota

65
Q

What is a water mould?

A

are filamentous organisms that resemble fungi
most live on dead organic matter
some are parasites
one species Phytophthera infestans infects potatoes (responsible for Irish potato famines)
Differ from true fungi in the type of spore produced and the nature of the sexual stage of their life cycle.
e.g.Oomycota

66
Q

Hwo do protozoa move around?

A

Cilia, flagella, and pseudopods.

67
Q

How do guard cells work?

A

Stomata are surrounded by two guard cells that regulate transpiration rates, loss of water through evaporation.
During the day, the stomata are usually open to allow CO2 and O2 out. The guard cells have chlorophyll so when the sun is out they produce sugars. This causes water to move into the cells and they swell. The stomate are open.
Stomata close at night or whan the plant is losing water (if it is too hot). The guard cells don’t make sugars and will lose water and go limp. This closes the stomate.
There are typically more guard cells in the lower epidermis since this layer is not directly exposed to the sun and is cooler.

Biology Gr 11 (Ontario) (6 decks)

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