Carbohydrate structure and function Flashcards
Carbohdyrates are named by their _____ oxidized group
Most
Carbohydrates with aldehydes are called ______
Aldoses
Carbohydrates with ketones are called ____
Ketoses
The sugars made by the body are all ____ sugars, which means the last OH group faces to the ______
D
Right
When sugars cyclize, they become ____ acetals or ketals because ____
Hemi
The anomeric carbon is between an OR and OH group. For a full acetal or metal to form, the anomeric carbon would have to be between two OR groups
The anomeric carbon is alpha when the OH group is on the _____ side of the CH2OH
Opposite
The anomeric carbon is beta when the OH group is on the _____ side of the CH2OH
Same
Tautomerization is the _____
Rearrangement of bonds within a compound (usually by forming double bonds)
Compare and contrast cellulose and starches
Both are made in plants and have 1,4 bonds
Cellulose is made up of beta-D-glucose monomers that only have Beta–1,4 bonds
Starches are made up of alpha-D-glucose monomers that have Alpha–1,4 bonds, but they are also branched with 1,6 bonds
-Stored mostly as amylopectin
Aldonic acids are aldoses that have already been oxidized. This odixation occurs when ____
The monosaccharide undergoes mutarotation and is briefly linear. The aldehyde turns to a carboxylic acid, and then the ring can form again
(If something ends in -ic acid, the CH2OH carbon has turned into a COOH carbon (a carboxylic acid))
Alpha amylose cleaves amylose _____ while Beta amylose cleaves only at ______
Anywhere
The non-reducing end
What is a carbohydrate?
Carbohydrates are formed from cyclized saccharides, like glucose or fructose. They can be monomers or link to many other saccharides, and are sources of glucose in the body that are then used for energy
When moving from a Fischer projection to a ring structure, groups on the right face ____ while groups on the left face ____
Right –> down
Left –> up
