Study Design 04

Question 1

It determines how the data will be gathered and analyzed

Answer 1

STUDY DESIGN

Question 2

Also called the predicted variable or the dependent variable

Answer 2

outcome

Question 3

Observations about exposure and outcome are made at a single point in time

Answer 3

transversal

Question 4

Participants are followed over time to determine the association between exposure and outcome or outcome

Answer 4

longitudinal

Question 5

Also called the predictor variable or independent variable or risk factor

Answer 5

exposure

Question 6

Refers to the variable that is studied to assess the impact of the exposure on the population

Answer 6

outcome

Question 7

The outcome has not occurred at the time of initiation of the study

Answer 7

prospective

Question 8

The outcome of interest has already occurred when the study commences

Answer 8

retrospective

Question 9

are the foundation for disease control and prevention through tracking.

Answer 9

Epidemiologic studies

Question 10

The investigator simply records data from observations made and draws conclusions as to possible reasons for the events witnessed.

Answer 10

descriptive studies

Question 11

In a case report, the participants describes his/her experience with symptoms, signs, diagnosis, or treatment of a patient.

Answer 11

case study/report

Question 12

describe the characteristics of interest in the study. These studies do not have a comparison group.

Answer 12

descriptive studies

Question 13

These are based on the observations of the individual patient

Answer 13

case study/report

Question 14

The simplest type of descriptive study is the case report.

Answer 14

case study/report

Question 15

used in anthropology in which the researchers are naïve about a topic (cultural)

Answer 15

Informants

Question 16

person who is selected as the primary link between the anthropologist and the cultural group

Answer 16

Key informant

Question 17

Survey design to answer structured or semi-structured questionnaires.

Answer 17

Respondents

Question 18

Experimental/quasi-experimental (reacts on the intervention)

Answer 18

Subjects

Question 19

It is used to examine the prior histories of patients with the same outcome in hopes of HYPOTHESIZING a possible cause and effect relationship.

Answer 19

case series

Question 20

form the lowest level of evidence in biomedical research and, as such, are considered hypothesis- generating studies.

Answer 20

case report & series

Question 21

A group of patients having a similar experience may be grouped to form a case series.

Answer 21

case series

Question 22

try to prove a hypothesis and establish an association between an exposure and an outcome.

Answer 22

analytical studies

Question 23

The researcher merely observes outcomes in different groups of participants who, for natural reasons, have or have not been exposed to a particular risk factor.

Answer 23

observational studies

Question 24

easy to conduct, involve no follow-up, and need limited resources. They offer useful information on prevalence of health conditions and possible associations between risk factors and outcomes.

Answer 24

cross-sectional studies

Question 25

These are transversal studies where data are collected from the study population at a single point in time. Exposure and outcome are determined simultaneously.

Answer 25

cross-sectional studies

Question 26

The researcher identifies participants who have developed the outcome of interest (cases) and chooses matching participants who do not have the outcome (controls).

Answer 26

case control studies

Question 27

are backward-directed studies where direction of enquiry begins with the outcome and then proceeds to exposure.

Answer 27

case control studies

Question 28

The direction of enquiry begins with the exposure and then proceeds to outcome (prospective)

Answer 28

cohort studies

Question 29

The researcher begins with a group of individuals who are free of outcome at baseline

Answer 29

cohort studies

Question 30

The groups are followed up over a period of time to determine occurrence of outcome

Answer 30

cohort studies

Question 31

also known as experimental studies or clinical trials

Answer 31

interventional studies

Question 32

positive control

Answer 32

standard of care

Question 33

negative control

Answer 33

Placebo

Question 34

In these studies, allocation to different groups is done arbitrarily. This kind of study design may sometimes overestimate the advantages of one treatment over another

Answer 34

non-controlled

Question 35

It is experimental study wherein respondents are subjected to different interventions using methods that are not random.

Answer 35

non-controlled

Question 36

leads to equal distribution of known and unknown confounders between treatment arms.

Answer 36

randomized controlled trials

Question 37

It is the gold standard for evaluating the efficacy of a treatment.

Answer 37

randomized controlled trials

Question 38

The temporal sequence of cause and effect is established.

Answer 38

randomized controlled trials

Question 39

It is simply defined as not a true experiment.

Answer 39

quasi-experimental

Question 40

does not have randomly assigned groups. In these studies, one characteristic of a true experiment (i.e. randomization) is missing.

Answer 40

quasi-experimental

Question 41

It is a modified randomized group design in which each group receives treatment at different dosing periods. It is a repeated measurement design such that each experimental unit receives different treatments during different periods. Patients in each group receive different sequences of treatments.

Answer 41

crossover experimental

Question 42

They are considered to be the basis for guidelines of medical practice suggesting directions for new research.

Answer 42

systematic review

Question 43

It is a type of literature review that collects and critically analyzes multiple research studies or papers and is defined as convenient evidential summaries for clinicians which serve as a powerful tool for patient care decisions.

Answer 43

systematic review

Question 44

It is a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies and reduces the quantity of data by summarizing data from multiple resources and helps to plan research as well as to frame guidelines.

Answer 44

meta-analysis

Question 45

It is the combination of data from several independent primary studies that address the same question to produce a single estimate like the effect of treatment or risk factor.

Answer 45

meta-analysis