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Year 1 > Iron Use and Cycle > Flashcards

Iron Use and Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Which form of Iron is absorbed? How is it transported into enterocyte?

A

Ferrous (2+), via DMT1 (divalent metal transporter)

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2
Q

What are the two sources of iron coming into enterocyte?

A

Iron from food we eat and free iron coming in as heme molecule

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3
Q

This molecule stores excess mineral iron and has an outside protein coat

A

Ferritin (ferr, tin = a tin to store iron)

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4
Q

This green bile pigment is a result from the breakdown of heme of hemoglobin in erythrocytes

A

Biliverdin

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5
Q

This molecule transports iron out of cell

A

Ferroportin

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6
Q

After leaving the enterocyte via ferroportin, ferrous iron gets converts to ferric form via this protein

A

Hephaestin

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7
Q

The name of this transport glycoprotein when not bound to iron

A

Apo-transferrin

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8
Q

Transport protein when bound with 2 irons

A

Transferrin

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9
Q

What is every cell using heme for?

A

Electron transport chain! Every ETC protein has heme in them. Used to transport electrons

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10
Q

Endocytosis of transferrin relies on this receptor in which type of cell?

A

TfR (Transferrin receptor), in erythroblast

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11
Q

What state of iron binds to transferrin?

A

Ferric state (3+), two irons per transferrin

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12
Q

What happens to transferrin after endocytosis in erythroblast?

A

Tranferrin molecule gets released via TfR, and now called “Apotransferrin” gets reused

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13
Q

Once transferrin binds to TfR receptor on erythroblast, how does it enter cell?

A

Endocytosis

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14
Q

Once in erythroblast, Fe3+ gets converted to Fe2+ and is mainly used to make

A

Makes heme for hemoglobin

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15
Q

Why does macrophage need iron?

A

serves as internal storage of extra iron for body

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16
Q

What are macrophage’s two sources of iron?

A

Engulfing RBCs (that contain iron in heme to make up hemoglobin), and uptake of transferrin via TfR

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17
Q

If other parts of body need iron, iron leaves the macrophage via this transporter

A

ferroportin

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18
Q

Hepatocytes (liver cells) store iron as

A

Ferritin

19
Q

Iron in hepatocyte (liver cell) can be moved out via

A

Ferroportin

20
Q

Where is apotransferrin made?

A

in liver cells! Livers contain nucleus and so can do transcription and translation to make apotransferrin that can bind to iron.

21
Q

Why is it a problem if you’re absorbing too much iron?

A

No way of regulating it. Only way to get rid of excess iron is shedding of epithelial cells in GI tract and skin. Can be a problem if you have too much, because can damage bodily organs

22
Q

What are there iron complications in sickle cell anemia?

A

Patients need RBCs so get frequent blood transfusion. Often times can become iron overloaded. Need RBCs but not iron!

23
Q

Where is the “thermostat” located that evaluates the corresponding amount of iron out in circulation?

A

Hepatocyte (liver cell)

24
Q

This peptide hormone is the master regulator of iron hemostasis. Where is it made?

A

Hepcidin, made in liver

25
Q

How does Hepcidin work when thermostat senses iron excess? What does it bind to?

A

Hepatocytes produce and excrete hepcidin» hepcidin binds to ferroportin on hepatocytes, enterocytes, and macrophages»internalization and destruction of ferroportin»inhibits iron export

26
Q

ferrous iron gets converted to ferric form via this protein after leaving either macrophages or hepatocytes

A

Ceruloplasmin

27
Q

Enteroctyes help regulate iron levels by inhibiting this transporter

A

DMT1

28
Q

This element regulates iron levels within the mRNA coding for DMT1, Tfr, and apo-ferritin

A

Iron response elements (IREs)

29
Q

when there are low apotransferrin iron levels, IRE+IRP increase/decrease DMT1 and Tfr levels

A

increases (up regulates DMT1 because you want enterocytes to take in more iron, and up-regulate Tfr because you want erythroblasts, macrophages, and hepatocytes to take in more iron)

30
Q

Cytoplasmic iron in the corresponding cell binds to this protein that then binds to IREs to help regulation

A

Iron response proteins (IRPs)

31
Q

What amount of all body iron exists within hemoglobin?

A

2/3

32
Q

If you lose blood, iron levels will (increase/decrease) in circulation

A

decrease

33
Q

if you lose iron, serum iron will (increase/decrease)

A

decrease

34
Q

If you lose iron, ferritin levels (inside ~ correlate with serum levels) increase/decrease

A

decrease. if iron drops, macrophages and hepatocytes in response will move iron out of ferritin, into iron pool, and into circulation for what’s being lost

35
Q

If iron levels decrease, apo-transferrin levels (increase/decrease)

A

increase. When macrophages and haptocytes move iron out of ferritin and into circulation pool, hepatocytes will increase the amount of apotransferin, hoping that more iron is coming in through GI tract

36
Q

If iron levels decrease, serum transferrin (increases/decreases)

A

increases. More iron released out into circulation

37
Q

Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) is an indirect measure of?

A

Transferrin

38
Q

If iron levels decrease, TIBC (total iron binding capacity) increases/decreases

A

increase

39
Q

Overall: Decreasing serum iron causes ____ in serum ferritin, ____ in serum transferrin, and ____ in total iron binding capacity

A

decrease in serum ferritin, increase in serum trasnferrin, an increase in TIBC

40
Q

Chronic inflammatory cytokines can cause an increase leakage of what out of cells?

A

Ferritin. This is important because inflammatory cytokines block release of iron from ferritin. Iron can be stored, but doesn’t get released. So ferritin leaks out, and serum ferritin levels appear to be normal (which is an indication of iron levels), but iron is trapped.

41
Q

Which cell doesn’t contain a TfR (transferrin receptor) on membrane?

A

Enterocyte (duodenum). Transporter for iron in heme is unidentified and Fe2+ enters via DMT1.

42
Q

This amount of iron is absorbed daily by GI and lost daily from shedding of epithelial cells

A

1-2 mg

43
Q

Daily RBC/hemoglobin production and other use of iron requires how much iron per day? What does this suggest?

A

25 mg. The majority of body iron is recycled

44
Q

low ph and iron chelators (i.e. Vitamin C) increase/decrease iron absorption

A

increase iron absorption

Year 1 (48 decks)

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