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Year 1 > Lymphocyte Activation > Flashcards

Lymphocyte Activation Flashcards

1
Q

Which T cell receptors transduce signals

A

CD3 and zeta-zeta (TcR cannot transduce signals)

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2
Q

Which part of B cell receptor serve as signaling molecules once cell engages antigen?

A

Igα and Igβ

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3
Q

Initiate early stages of lymphocyte activation by phosphorylation

A

ITAM (immunorecetpro tyrosine based activation motifs)

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4
Q

Where are ITAMs located?

A

Cytoplasmic portion of CD3/zeta zeta (T cells) and Igα/ Igβ (B cells)

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5
Q

Location of B and T cell interaction

A

lymph node

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6
Q

Lymph node is (secondary/primary) lymphatic tissue

A

secondary

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7
Q

B-cells in lymph node are found in

A

follicles

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8
Q

T cells in lymph node are found in

A

parafollicular zone (outside of follicles)

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9
Q

For B-cell initiation, how are antigen brought into lymph nodes?

A

By lymphatic drain

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10
Q

This cell binds native antigen on its membrane surface for B-cell to bind

A

Follicular-dendritic cell

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11
Q

How do appropriate T-cells and B-cells interact?

A

MHCII presentation on B cell; T cell activated by presence of antigen on MHC II

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12
Q

IL-2 receptor

A

receptor made by T cells in naive state

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13
Q

low affinity IL-2 receptor

A

Beta and common gamma chain

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14
Q

IL-2

A

IL-2 synthesized BY T CELL after early stages of interaction will induce creation of alpha chain on receptor. Higher affinity leads to cell division and activation

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15
Q

inducible factors during APC - Tcell interaction

A

B7 (on APC/Bcell) and CD40L (Th)

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16
Q

CD40L: Where found? Interacts with what?

A

upregulated on activate T-helper cells, interacts with CD40 on B cells and APCs

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17
Q

CD40L fundamental for induction of

A

AID (for somatic hypermutation of B cells)

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18
Q

membrane immunoglobins cross-link through presence of

A

antigen and ITAMs of BCR (phosphorylated to recruit signaling molecules)

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19
Q

How are membrane IgM and IgD assembled with the B cell receptor complex?

A

non-covalently

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20
Q

CD40

A

expressed by B-cells and APCs, interact with induced CD40L on T helper cell

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21
Q

CTLA-4

A

blocks CD28 and interacts with B7 on B cell. Has higher affinity than CD28, inhibits cell from further activation

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22
Q

Used in autoimmune diseases and auto sensitivity designed to block interaction of B7 to T cells

A

CTLA-4

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23
Q

What are examples of T independent responses regarding B cell activation?

A

Polysaccharides, lipids, and non protein antigens tend to be T-independent

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24
Q

Upon receiving B cell growth factors and differentiation factors from T cells, B cells can undergo

A

expansion and differentiation (antibody producing cells)

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25
Q

What initiate interactions of T cells and APCs?

A

Cell adhesion molecules (Selectins, vascular addressins, integrins, and immunoglobulin superfamily members)

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26
Q

what begins T cell activation?

A

T-cell receptor engages a specific MHC-peptide complex

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27
Q

T regulatory cell’s key cyotkine

A

TGF-B

28
Q

function of T regulatory cell

A

inhibit immune response

29
Q

A major co-stimulation signal

A

CD28 (on surface of naive T cell) and B7 (on professional APC)

30
Q

Activation of IL-2 gene uses signals delivered from which two things?

A

TcR and CD28 molecules

31
Q

Following activation, T cells udnergo a rapid phase of cell division under control of which cytokine?

A

IL-2; self synthesized and created by T cell, thus controlling their own proliferation

32
Q

IL-5

A

can be made by Th2 for eosinophil activation

33
Q

How does B cell take in a little antigen?

A

Pinocytosis

34
Q

Migration is crucial for B cell response. Where do B cells migrate to?

A

margine of the follicle, can communicate directly with T helper cell that will also migrate to that area from otuside

35
Q

ITIMS

A

inhibiting step (I=inhibitory). If already have antibody against an antigen, soluble antibody bound to antigen can bind to Fc gamma RII. Inhibitory, because don’t want to continue activating B cells.

= feedback inhibition to shut off B cells

36
Q

Primary lymphoid tissues

A

Bone marrow and thymus

37
Q

Diagnostic feature of child’s thymus; granule cells surrounded by epithelial cells

A

Hassall’s corpuscle

38
Q

A transcription factor that allows expression of tissue specific self-peptides

A

AIRE (auto immune regulator)

39
Q

Site in thymus for T-cell positive selection

A

Cortex (immature thymocytes bind MHC)

40
Q

Site in thymus for T-cell negative selection

A

Medulla

41
Q

What are secondary lymphoid tissue sites and what are some examples

A

Collection, more organized point for circulating lymphocytes. Spleen (systemic infection), encapsulated lymph nodes (local infection, Peyer’s patches (sm intestine)

42
Q

Tertiary lymphoid tissues

A

MALT (mucous associated lymphoid tissue)-inducible; GALT (large intestine); NALT (nasal); BALT (bronchus)

43
Q 
specialized post-capillary venous swellings "bag shaped vessel"
function is to control selective entry into the lymph nodes( i.e. Naive T cells)
A

High endothelial evnule

44
Q

Which secondary lymphoid tissue lacks HEVs and afferent lypmhatics?

A

Spleen

45
Q

Red pulp as diagnostic feature

A

large numbers of CD8 T cells and plasma cells

46
Q

Where do stem cells enter the thymus?

A

Cortico-medullary junction

47
Q

During involution of the thymus, what replace the functional parenchyma tissue?

A

CT fibers and fat cells; degenerative process

48
Q

cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTEC) express what in the thymus?

A

MHC molecules

49
Q

Survivors of positive selection in the thymic cortex move where? (Survivors=TcR bind to MHC molecules, prevent cell-death)

A

Medulla

50
Q

What do mTEC express? (medullary thymic epithelial cells)

A

AIRE

51
Q

List four subsets of T cells produced in thymus

A

1) CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
2) CD4+ helper T cells
3) Regulator T cells (express FOXP3)
4) gamma delta T cells (just know they exist)

52
Q

Mature lymphocytes intearct with other immune cells in primary/secondary/tertiary lymphoid tissues

A

Secondary

53
Q

B cells and T cells collect in distinct regions of lymph nodes and spleen. What are they?

A

Within cortex:
T cell area = paracortex
B cell area = primary follicles (homeostasis), germinal centers (infection)

54
Q

Lymph enters lymph nodes via

A

Afferent lymphatics (which drain into the capsule)

55
Q

Lymph leaves the peripheral lymph nodes via

A

Efferent lymphatics (empty into blood at thoracic duct)

56
Q

Dendritic cells pick up antigens in

A

subapical dome

57
Q

What do peyer’s patches lack?

A

Do not have afferent lymphatics (also are nonencapsulated)

58
Q

3 zones of spleen

A

Red pulp, white pulp (B and T cell compartments), and perifolliculor zone (surrounds B and T cell zones)

59
Q

What is the marginal zone?

A

Area in spleen that surrounds the B cell follicles but not the T cell zone

60
Q

Non-selective entry

A

spleen, due to lack of HEV

61
Q

All lymphocytes enter the spleen via

A

Marginal zone and red pulp

62
Q

Systemic infection

A

spleen

63
Q

local infection

A

peripheral lymph nodes

64
Q

Germinal centers are not present in

A

thymus (present in spleen, lymph node, and malt)

65
Q

What is the only tissue that contains afferent lymphatics?

A

Lymph node (not present in thymus, spleen, or MALT)

Year 1 (48 decks)

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