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CMT > Physiology: V - VIII > Flashcards

Physiology: V - VIII Flashcards

1
Q

Hierarchy of Muscular Organization

A
  • Muscle
  • Fascicles
  • Muscle Fibers/Cells
  • Myofibrils
  • Filaments (Action & Myosin)
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2
Q

Sheetlike CT that attaches muscle to muscle or muscle to bone

A

Aponeurosis

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3
Q

Sarcolemmma

A

Muscle Fiber Cell Membrane

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4
Q

Nucleation and Mitochondriation of Muscle Fibers

A
  • Multinucleated
  • Abundant Mitochondria
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5
Q

Intracellular system of closed saclike membranes involved in the storage of intracellular calcium in striated (skeletal) muscle cells.

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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6
Q

Sheath surrounding skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium

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7
Q

Sheath surrounding fascicles

A

Perimysium

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8
Q

Sheath surrounding muscle fibers

A

Endomysium

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9
Q

Membranous channels that run across muscle fibers

A

Transverse Tubules

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10
Q

The Thin Myofilament

A

Actin

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11
Q

The Thick Myofilament

A

Myosin

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12
Q

Segments of myofibrils between Z lines

A

Sarcomeres

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13
Q

How muscle fibers contract

A

sliding movements of actin and myosin that shorten the muscle fibers

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14
Q

Site where motor nerve and muscle fiber meet

A

Neuromuscular Junction

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15
Q

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls

A

Motor Unit

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16
Q

The neurotransmitter that motor neurons use to control skeletal muscle

A

Acetylcholine

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17
Q

Where acetylcholine of a motor neuron binds

A

sarcolemma

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18
Q

What acetylcholine stimulates in a muscle fiber

A

Release of calcium ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

What calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum bind to

A

Troponin (actin)

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20
Q

What that binding of calcium ions to troponin causes

A

Changes shape/position of troponin-tropomyosin complex, resulting in linkages forming between actin (tropomyosin) and myosin (cross-bridges)

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21
Q

Theory attempting to explain skeletal muscle and contraction

A

Sliding Filament Theory

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22
Q

How skeletal muscle relaxes

A
  • Acetylcholine in synaptic cleft is decomposed by acetylcholinesterase
  • Calcium ions move back into sarcoplasmic reticulum via active transport (calcium pump)
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23
Q

Cellular Respiration

  • not dependent on O2
  • breaks down glucose into lactic acid and a few molecules of ATP
A

Anaerobic

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24
Q

Cellular Respiration

  • requires O2
  • breaks down glucose into many molecules of ATP
A

Aerobic

25
Q

Hemoglobin that stores O2 in muscle tissue

A

Myoglobin

26
Q

The amount of O2 required to convert lactic acid back to glucose in the liver

A

Oxygen Debt

27
Q

Minimal stimulus needed to produce a muscle contraction (twitch)

A

Threshold Stimulus

(contraction is all or none)

28
Q

Contraction Speed

  • Red Fiber
  • Resistant to Fatigue
  • Good Blood Supply
  • Aerobic Respiration
  • Postural Muscles
A

Slow Twitch

29
Q

Contraction Speed

  • White Fiber
  • Higher Rate of Fatigue
  • Poorer Blood Supply
  • Allows muscles to contract very quickly
  • e.g., eye muscles
A

Fast Twitch

30
Q

Form myelin sheaths around axons in the PNS

A

Schwann Cells

31
Q

Form myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

32
Q

Space between Schwann Cells

A

Nodes of Ravier

33
Q

Space between neurons

A

Synapse

34
Q

Various cells that nourish and support neurons

A

Neuroglial Cells

35
Q

Nerves of the PNS

A
  • Cranial
  • Spinal
36
Q

Nervous System that Controls Voluntary Activities

A

Somatic

37
Q

Nervous System that Control Involuntary Activities

A

Autonomic

38
Q
  • conduct Impulses from PNS to CNS
  • have sensory receptors on the end of them
A

Sensory Nerves (Afferent)

39
Q
  • conduct impulses from CNS to effectors
  • control voluntary and involuntary activities
A

Motor Nerves (Efferent)

40
Q
  • form links between CNS neurons (integration)
  • create sensations, thoughts, feelings, memory, decisions
A

Interneurons (associations)

41
Q

Neuroglial cells that provide structural support and form scar tissue

A

Astrocytes

42
Q

Neuroglial cells that perform phagocytosis

A

Microglia

43
Q

Regeneration of PNS Axons

A
  • Distal Portion Regenerates
  • Proximal Portion May Regenerate Slowly
44
Q

Regeneration of CNS Axons

A
  • Unlikely Due to Lack of Neurolemma and Oligodendrocytes’ Lack of Proliferation
45
Q

Ion Distribution of a Resting Neuron

A
  • High Na+ Outside the Cell
  • High K+ Inside the Cell
46
Q

Cause of Resting Neuron’s Negative Charge

A

Na+/K+ Pump (Active Transport)

  • 3 Na+ Pumped Out for Every 2 K+ that Diffuse In
47
Q

Do K+ or Na+ Diffuse across a nerve cell membrane more easily?

A

K+

48
Q

The several subthreshold stimuli that added together reach the cell’s threshold potential

A

Summation

49
Q

1) Threshold Potential Reached
2) Na+ Rush into the Cell (Cell Becomes More Positively Charged)
3) K+ Leave the Cell (Cell Becomes Negatively Charged Again)

(Sequence Moves Down the Axon Toward the Synaptic Cleft)

A

Action Potential (all or none response)

50
Q

Ions a cells becomes more permeable to during an action potential

A

Na+

51
Q

Time after a nerve impulse is generation in which the nerve cannot be stimulated

A

Refractory Period

52
Q

When an action potential jumps from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier

A

Saltatory Conduction

53
Q

The neurotransmitters that relieve pain

A
  • enkephalins
  • beta endorphins
54
Q

Neurotransmitter that transmits pain impulse

A

substance P

55
Q

Neurotransmitter/Ion that is released into a synapse from from the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron

A

Ca+

56
Q

Function of Ca+ in Nerve Impulse

A

When the nerve impulse reaches the synaptic knob, Ca+ diffuse into the synaptic knob and neurotransmitters from vesicles inside the knob are released into the Ssnapse

57
Q

Fate of Excess Neurotransmitters in a Synapse

A

Decomposition by an Enzyme or Reuptake

58
Q

Function of Neurotransmitters (e.g., neuropeptides)

A

Stimulate or Inhibit Postsynaptic Neuron

CMT (40 decks)

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