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PHSL232 > CVS.1 > Flashcards

CVS.1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the order of the cardiac cycle - 4 phases

A
  1. isovolumic relaxation
  2. ventricular filling
  3. isovolumic contraction
  4. ventricular ejection
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2
Q

in isovolumic relaxation and isovolumic contraction are valves open or closed

A

closed - there is no change in volume or blood flow

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3
Q

in isovolumic relaxation at the beginning is atrial pressure higher or lower than ventricles

A

lower

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4
Q

what allows AV to open passively to allow filling

A

atrial pressure becomes higher than ventricles

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5
Q

what comes 1st p wave or t wave
and what does each on represent

A

= p-wave comes first
p wave - represent ventricular filling
t wave - represent ventricular ejection

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6
Q

at what stage of the cardiac cycle are the AV (atrioventricular valves ) open

A

ventricle filling

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7
Q

at what stage of the cardiac cycle are the semi lunar valves open

A

ventricular ejection

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8
Q

t/f does the majority of ventricular filling happen before the atria contract at rest

A

true

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9
Q

what is the longest section of the cardiac cycle, and how long

A

diastole 2 - ventricular filling
0.6

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10
Q

what is the shorted section of the cardiac cycle, and how long

A

D1 - isovolumetric relaxation
S2- isovolumetric contraction

0.05sec

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11
Q

what happens to the volume of blood after atrial contraction (diastole)

A

top up

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12
Q

when is the max ventricular volume

A

EDV
- end of diastole

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13
Q

when is the minimum of ventricle volume

A

ESV
- end of systole

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14
Q

at the beginning of cardiac cycle the ventricle pressure does what

A

drop to minimum at begging of distole

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15
Q

what happens to the ventricular pressure during isometric contraction

A

pressure rises dramatically

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16
Q

does the LV pressure have lower or hight diastole amount at rest - aortic pressure is at 80 (diastole) and 120mmHg (systole)

A

lower
diastole for LV pressure is 5mmHg

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17
Q

EDV for LV volume is what amount is ml for normal at rest

A

130ml

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18
Q

ESV for LV volume at rest is what

A

60ml

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19
Q

if EDV is 130ml and ESV is 60ml what is the stroke volume

A

70ml
- because subtracting EDV-ESV

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20
Q

if EDV is 130ml and ESV is 60ml what is the ejection fraction

A

55-60%
70ml (stroke volume) / 130ml (EDV)

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21
Q

what is the ejection fraction described as

A

the % of blood that was in the heart are the EDV pumped out

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22
Q

what is the dicrotic notch - what pressure is greater/ less

A

Left ventricular pressure is less that aortic pressure

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23
Q

when is the 3rd heart sound heard

A

early diastole - passive ventricular filling
- heard in younger people

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24
Q

what is the 1st heart sound (lub)

A

low, long sound

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25
Q

what is the 2nd heart sound (dub)

A

short and high pitch sound

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26
Q

having a higher HR when exercise shortens both diastole and systole what one more than the other

A

diastolic more than systole

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27
Q

at rest is diastole or systole is longer

A

diastole

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28
Q

in the AV what are the two sides that make up the valve

A

mitral (left)
tricuspid (right)

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29
Q

in the SL what are the two sides that make up the valve

A

aortic valve (left)
pulmonary artery (right)

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30
Q

resting membrane potential has what ions with high and low permeability

A

high K+
Low Na+
very low Ca+

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31
Q

Depolarisation (RMP) has what charge inside and what outside

A

positive outside
negative inside

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32
Q

explain the term conduction with a depolarisation wave

A

when the action potential has a propagating wave and the change from permeability from high to low has quick movements

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33
Q

what is the sinoatrial node (SA) otherwise known as

A

pacemaker

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34
Q

what are cardiomyocytes

A

interwoven branch at either end, intercalated disks

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35
Q

at what rate does the SA node generate action potential

A

100 times per min

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36
Q

at what rate is action potential conducted through atrium, and ventricular myocardium - because they have synchronised depolarisation and contractions

A

0.5 ms

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37
Q

what is the slowest conduction of action potential at 0.05

A

AV node

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38
Q

what has the fastest contraction at 5ms

A

Bundle of his, bundle branches, purkinje fibres

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39
Q

what are the followers

A

the action potentials in the ventricular cells

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39
Q

what are the leaders

A

origins of actions potential of SA node

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40
Q

in ventricular cells, slow depolarisation occurs through funny NA+ channels BECAUSE the RMP of ventricular cells is stable around -90mv

A

1st part - false
2nd part - true
therefore both don’t cause the other

41
Q

pacemaker is unstable what is it RMP

A

-60mV

42
Q

is the ECG on surface or inside cell
result from what of the heart muscle

A

on skin surface
result of depolarisation

43
Q

what occurs first depolarisation or repolarisation

A

depolarisation

44
Q

what is shown on ECG

A

RMP
atrial depolarisation
ventricle depolarisation
ventricular depolarisation

45
Q

where are the electrode placed on body to form einthoven triangle

A
  1. left arm
  2. right arm
  3. left left
46
Q

what are the points of lead 2

A

right arm (negative)
to
left leg (positive)

47
Q

depolarisation means what direaction to camera

A

towards
‘down towards’

48
Q

out of the hexial reference system what 2 are most different

A

aVR and lead 2

49
Q

what hexial reference system is not positive lead

A

aVR

50
Q

what plan are chest leads measured in

A

horizonal

51
Q

including Hex-axial reference system and chest leads how many leads are there

A

12

52
Q

what two activity is the excitation contraction coupling

A

electrical and mechanical

53
Q

when a cell membrane depolarises what does this mean for Calcium

A

can entery cell

54
Q

when Ca enters are the L-type Ca 2+ channels open or closed

A

open

55
Q

when calcium ions enter what does this trigger release of

A

calcium ions from intra cellular store SR

56
Q

after calcium enters through channels where does it go

A

Ryanodine receptor (RyR2)

57
Q

for density of RyR2 to be high near LTCC what does this mean for the distance

A

short between the two (nm)

58
Q

what does CICR mean

A

calcium ion induced calcium release

59
Q

how much does the calcium concentration rises when calcium enters

A

10+ fold

60
Q

what is the calcium concentration in extracellular

A

2mM

61
Q

what is the calcium concentration in cytosol (intercellular)

A

0.1-1uM

62
Q

what is the calcium concentration in SR

A

1mM

63
Q

what % of calcium is LTCC and RyR2 -SR

A

LTCC: 25%
RyR2 -SR: 75%

64
Q

in cardiac muscle depolarisation causes

A

Ca ion induced Ca ion release

65
Q

for contraction Ca ion binds to what in the troponin complex

A

troponin C

66
Q

what is the inhibitory domain in troponin complex

A

troponin 1

67
Q

what is the tropomyosin blinding domain

A

troponin T

68
Q

in the sliding filament theory myosin pulls actin towards the centre of what

A

sarcomere

69
Q

when the Z lines come closer together and the cell shorted what does this produce

A

force or tension

70
Q

what makes contraction more forceful

A

increase in the number of cross bridges

71
Q

what are the 3 mechanism that are involved in relaxation

A

SR Ca 2+ pump
sodium calcium exchanger
Ca2+ ATPase

72
Q

what does PLB (protein phosphorylation) stimulate

A

Ca2+ uptake

73
Q

what % is Oxygen extracted from the blood

A

75%

74
Q

what occurs if don’t have enough ATP and what is it

A

Rigor mortis
permant contraction - when you cant remove Ca out of the cell

75
Q

what is it called with combination of 2 electrodes

A

bipolar lead

76
Q

what limb of the Eindhoven triangle is the standard ECG read off

A

Limb lead 2

77
Q

why is the R wave so large in the ECG

A

because the deflection is going straight to down to the camera in the lead 2

78
Q

what are the four f’s of autonomic control

A

Fight, flight, feeding, fucking (mating)

79
Q

sympathetic releases what hormone

A

Noradrenaline

80
Q

parasymatheric releases what hormone

A

acetylcholine

81
Q

parasympathetic binds to what receptor

A

muscarinic receptor

82
Q

during sympathetic (your fight and flight response) your HR will increase what is increase in HR called

A

Tachycardiac

83
Q

is there less or more membrane potential in sympathetic

A

less

84
Q

does SA node depolarisation increase or decrease during sympathetic response

A

increase

85
Q

what ‘node’ dominates the autonomic regulation of HR

A

SA node

86
Q

what type of factors affect HR

A

Chronotropic

87
Q

what does having more and faster Ca2+ release mean for contraction and relaxation

A

Stronger and faster contraction
faster relaxation

88
Q

what factors affect contractility

A

inotropic

89
Q

what factors affect duration (frequency) of contraction and relaxation

A

lusitropic factors

90
Q

in sympathetic stimulation (adrenaline) on contraction what decreases the sensitivity of Calcium

A

Tnc (troponin C)

91
Q

decrease of the calcium sensitivity of the myofilaments is caused by what hormone

A

Noradrenaline

92
Q

if noradrenaline decreases calcium sensitivity of myofilaments what happens to contraction and relaxation

A

faster and stronger

93
Q

positive inotropic factors increases or decreases ________

A

increase contractility

94
Q

what two short term hormones change calcium signalling

A

Catecholamines (e.g. noradrenaline) and glycosides (drugs)

95
Q

what are the long term regulators of extrinsic control of hormones

A
  • angiotensin 2
  • endothelin
  • thyroid hormone
96
Q

adrenaline (and noradrenaline) decreases the Ca2+ sensitivity of the myofilaments because adrenaline leads to phosphorylation of RyR

  • are both statements true and causally related
A

both statements are true but not causally related

97
Q

in acetylcholine on contraction RyR and L type Ca2+ channel decrease or increase

A

decrease

98
Q

what is the effect of digitalis, a glycosis on Ca2+ sensitivity of the myofilaments

A

unchanged - just makes more, but not effecting

99
Q

what represents atrial repolarisation on the lead 2 ECG

A
  • usually atrial repolarisation is not visiable
    however occurs at QRS complex
100
Q
A

PHSL232 (6 decks)

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