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Microbio > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Pylonephritis

A

Inflammation of the entire kidney

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2
Q

Urethritis

A

Inflammation of the urethra

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3
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of the urinary bladder

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4
Q

UTI (Urinary Tract Infection/flammation)

A

Pylonephritis, urethritis, cystitis

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5
Q

Vaginitis

A

Inflammation of the vaginal canal

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6
Q

Vaginosis

A

Overgrowth of microbes in the vaginal canal

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7
Q

Endometritis

A

Inflammation of the endometrium of the uterus

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8
Q

Endometriosis

A
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9
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

A

Includes vaginitis, vaginosis, endometritis

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10
Q

Proctitis

A

Inflammation of the anal region (can indicate prostate inflammation)

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11
Q

Normal Microbiota in Urinary System

A

Urinary bladder and upper urinary tract are sterile
Lactobacilli predominant in the vagina
> 1,000 bacteria/ml or 100 coliforms/ml of urine indicates infection

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12
Q

Cystitis (bladder inflammation)

A

Usually caused by E. coli or S. Saprophyticus (skin)
E. Coli usually causes pyelonephritis and kidney failure because it has a flagella and can swim up ureters
Antibiotic-sensitivity tests to see if bacteria will response to antibiotic and to ensure it will not be detrimental to person

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13
Q

Leptospirosis (can cause urethritis)

A

Leptospira interrogans, a spirochete
Reservoir = rodents and dogs
Transmitted by skin/mucosal contact from urine-contaminated water
Can be diagnosed from serological tests

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14
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Attaches to oral or urogenital mucosa by fimbriae
Females may be asymptomatic; males have painful urination and pus discharge
Tx with antibiotics
Untreated may result in endocarditis, meningitis , arthritis , ophthalmia neonatorum

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15
Q

Nongonococcal Urethritis (Urethritis w/o gonorrhea)

A

Chlamyida trachomatis
May be transmitted to newborns eyes during passage through vaginal canal
Painful urination and watery discharge
Mycoplasma hominis
Ureaplasma urealyticum - only contracted through sexual contact

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16
Q

PID (pevlic inflammatory disease)

A

Can be caused by N. gonorrhoeae or C. Trachomatis
Can block uterine tubes
Chronic abdominal pain

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17
Q

Syphilis

A

Causative agent = Treponema pallidum (spirochete)
Invades mucosa or invades through broken skin
Direct diagnosis = Darkfiled microscopic ID of bacteria
Staining with fluorescent-labeled, monoclonal antibodies
Indirect, serological diagnosis:
ELISA test for reagin-type antibodies using cardio lipid (Ag)

18
Q

Syphilis stages

A

Primary stage = chancre at site of infection
Secondary stage = skin and mucosal rash in genital region
THESE 2 STAGES ARE TREATABLE WITH PENICILLIN
Latent period = no symptoms, can go latent for years
Tertiary stage = Gummas (deformed structure) on many organs, can develop over decades
Congenital = if virus goes unchecked in pregnant woman, can cause neurological damage in fetus

19
Q

Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)

A

Causative agent = Chlamydia trachomatis
Initial lesion on genital heals
Bacteria spread through lymp causing enlargement of lymph nodes
Tx: doxycycline

20
Q

Chancroid (soft Chancre)

A

Causative agent = Haemophilus ducreyi
Ulcer on genitalia
may break through surface
Infection of lymph nodes
Tx: erythromycin and ceftriaxone

21
Q

Bacterial Vaginosis

A

Causative agent = Gardnerella vaginalis
Diagnosis by clue cells
Tx: metronidazole
Natural flora generally keeps it at bay

22
Q

Genital Herpes

A

HSV 2
Neonatal herpes transmitted to fetus or newborns
Virus goes latent in sacral ganglion , recurrence when immunity is weakened

23
Q

Genital Warts

A

Human papillomaviruses (HPV)
Tx = Imiquimod to stimulate interferon
HPV 16 causes aggressive cervical cancer and cancer of the penis
DNA test to detect cancer causing strains
Vaccination against HPV strains is effective

24
Q

Candidiasis

A

Only affects female reproductive
Causative agent: Candida albicans
Grows on mucosa of mouth, intestinal tract, genitourinary tract
NGU in males (non gonococcal urethritis) if male comes in contact with vaginosis
Vulvovaginal candidiasis
Diagnosis by microscopic ID and culture of yeast
Tx: clotrimazole or miconazole

25
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

Causative agent = Trichomonas vaginalis
Found in semen or urine of male carries
Vaginal infection causes irritation and profuse discharge
Diagnosis by microscopic ID of protozoan
Tx: metronidazole

26
Q

Bacterial Meningitis

A

Fever, headache , stiff neck
Followed by nausea and vomiting
May progress to convulsions and coma
Diagnosis by Gram stain of CSF
Treated with cephalosporins

27
Q

Bacterial Meningitis causative agents

A

Streptococcus Pneumoniae accounts for 30-50% of cases
Neisseria meningitidis 15-40% of cases
Haemophilus influenzae 2-7% of cases
Vaccine protects against N. Meningitidis and H. Influenzae

28
Q

Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis

A

Occurs mostly in children (6mo to 4yr)
Gram neg aerobic bacteria, normal throat microbiota
Capsule antigen type b
Prevented by Hib vaccine

29
Q

Neisseria Meningitis, Meningococcal Meningitis

A

N. Meningitidis
Gram neg aerobic cocci , capsule
10% of people are healthy nasopharyngeal carriers
Begins as throat infection, rash
Serotype B is most common in US

30
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis, Pneumococcal Pneumonia

A

Gram POs diplocci
70% of people are healthy nasopharyngeal carries
Most common in children
Mortality = 30% children, 80% elderly
Prevented by vaccination

31
Q

Listeriosis

A

Listeria monocytogenes
Gram pos facultative anaerobic rod
Usually food borne , can be transmitted to fetus and cause meningitis
Reproduces in phagocytes

32
Q

Tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani
Gram pos , endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe
Grows in deep wounds
Tetanospasmin (exotoxin) released from dead cells blocks relaxation pathway in muscles
prevention by vaccination with tetanus toxoid (DTP) and booster (dT)
Tx with tetanus immune globulin
Tetanus = muscle cramping , muscle than ran out of energy

33
Q

Botulism

A

Clostridium botulinum
Gram Pos , endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe
Intoxication due to ingesting botulinal toxin
Botulinal toxin blocks release of neurotransmitter causing flaccid paralysis
Prevention = proper canning, and nitrites prevent endospore germination in sausages (nitrate can affect liver)

34
Q

Tx for Botulism

A

Tx: supportive care and antitoxin , passive artificial immunity
Infant Botulism results for C. Botulinum growing in the intestines
Wound botulism results from growth of C. Botulinum in wounds (local affect)

35
Q

Botulism types

A

Type A 60-70% fatality
Type B 25% fatality (THIS IS WHAT IS USED FOR BOTOX)
Type E Found in marine and lake sediments , PNW, Alaska and Great Lakes area

36
Q

Leprosy

A

Mycobacterium leprae
Acid-fast rod that crows best at 30C (extremities)
Grows in peripheral nerves and skin cells
Transmission requires prolonged contact with an infected person , constant contact
Tuberculoid (neural) form: loss of sensation in skin, pos lepromin test
Lepromatous (progressive) form: disfiguring nodules all over body , negative lepromin test

37
Q

Poliomyelitis (viral infection of CNS)

A

Poliovirus
Transmitted by ingestion (fecal-oral route)
Initial symptoms are sore throat and nausea
Viremia (virus proliferates in the blood) may occur; if persistent, virus can enter the CNS , destruction of motor cells in cerebral cortex and paralysis occurs in < 1% of cases
Prevention is by vaccination (enhanced-inactivated polio vaccine)
Jonas Salk is credited with creating the vaccine, didn’t patent vaccine

38
Q

Rabies virus (Rhabdovirus)

A

Transmitted by animal bite
Virus multiplies in skeletal muscles, then brain cells causing encephalitis
Initial symptoms may include muscle spams of the mouth and pharynx , develop hydrophobia
Furious rabies: animals are restless then highly excitable
Paralytic rabies: animals seem unaware of their surroundings
Preexposure prophylaxis : infection of human diploid cells vaccine
Postexposure tx: vaccine & immunoglobulin (from goat serum)
Luis Pasteur came up with the tx for rabies

39
Q

Arboviral Encephalitis (brain swelling)

A

Arboviruses are arthropod-borne (mosquito borne) viruses that belong to several families
prevention is by controlling mosquito populations
EEE = Eastern Equine Encephalitis
WEE = Western Equine Encephalitis
SLE = Saint Louis Encephalitis (multiple hosts)
CE = California Encephalitis
VEE = Venezalian Equine Encephalitis
JE = Japanese Encephalitis
WNV = West Nile Virus

40
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans Meningitis (Cryptococcosis)

A

Soil fungus associated with pigeon and chicken droppings
Transmitted by the respiratory route; spreads through blood to the CNS
Mortality up to 30%
Tx: amphotericin B and flucytosine

41
Q

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies

A

Caused by prions
Sheep scrapie
Creutxfeldt-Jakob disease
Kuru
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Transmitted by ingestion or transplant or inherited
Chronic and fatal

Microbio (14 decks)

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