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HNSC 2170 nutrition Final exam > Unit 5 Vitamins > Flashcards

Unit 5 Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two classes of vitamins?

A
  1. Fat-soluble vitamins
  2. Water-soluble vitamins
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2
Q

What are the 4 Fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K

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3
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of Fat-soluble vitamins?

A
  1. Absorption - first into the lymph then into the blood. Require bile for absorption. Dissolve in lipid
  2. Transport and storage
    - must travel with a protein carrier in watery fluids
    - stored in liver or fatty tissue
  3. Excretion - not readily excreted, builds up in tissues
  4. Toxicity - TOXIC likely from supplements but rarely from food - dietary flexibility because body takes what it needs
  5. Requirement - need weekly or monthly depending on body stores
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4
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of Water-soluble vitamins?

A
  1. Absorption- directly into blood
  2. Transport and storage
    - travel freely in watery fluids
    - most not stored in body
  3. Excretion - readily excreted in urine
  4. Toxicity- unlikely. but CAN happen with high dose supplements
  5. Requirement- need frequently because body does not store most to any extent
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5
Q

What are the 9 Water-soluble vitamins?

A

Riboflavin
. Niacin
. Pantothenic acid
. Biotin
. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
. Thiamin
. Folate (folic acid)
. Vitamin C
. Vitamin B12

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6
Q

Are vitamins organic or inorganic?

A

Organic compounds vital to life

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7
Q

What are 3 characteristics of vitamins ?
- amounts
- caloric value
- essential/nonessential

A

minute amounts
non-caloric
essential nutrients

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8
Q

What is the function of vitamins ?

A

-They assist enzymes that help release energy from carbs, fat and proteins
-They do not yield energy when metabolized

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9
Q

What is a precursor?

A

a provitamin that is converted to active form when in the body

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10
Q

Vitamin A
-Functions
- Deficiency
- Toxicity
- Food

A

Functions
- gene expression
- vision - clear cornia, light, pigment
- cell differentiation - skin
- reproduction and growth
- immunity

Deficiency
- stores 1 year supply - takes a year to show up
- developing countries
- blindness in kids - “Xerophthalmia”

Toxicity
- supplements and fortified foods
- weakens bones- affects kids most
- contributes to hip fractures
- Teratogenic
- Beta carotene is not converted efficiently enough to retinal to cause toxicity

Food
Retinol: Dairy, eggs, liver - only animal
Beta Carotene- spinach, dark leafy greens, broccoli. Orange fruit and veggies

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11
Q

What 3 things is Vitamin A converted to?

A

Retinol - stored in liver and converts to:
- Retinal
- Retinoic acid (as needed)

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12
Q

b-carotene

A

converted to vitamin A
a precursor
12ug = 1ug retinol
*too much is bad for smokers

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13
Q

Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
-Functions
- Deficiency
- Toxicity
- Food

A

Function
- hormone
- regulates blood calcium (helps absorb it) and phosphorus levels
- Bone integrity

Deficiency
- rickets
-osteomalacia (kids & adults) (softening of bones)

Toxicity
- increase blood calcium and cause kidney stones
- calcification of blood vessels

Foods
- Eggs, liver, some fatty fish
- fortified milk
- fortified margarine

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14
Q

Vitamin E (tocopherol)
- Functions
- Deficiency
- Toxicity
- Food

A

Function
- Alpha is the gold standard
- DRI is alpha-tocopherol
- main antioxidant for RBC and lungs b/c concentrated O2 there

Deficiency
- rare
- in lots of foods
- body stores it in fatty tissue
- cells recycle vit E
-erythrocyte hememolysis - RBC rupture

Toxicity
- rare
- could happen from suppliments/ fortified food

Food
- veggie oils
- veggies and fruit
- fortified cereals/grains
- meat & alt
- milk + products
- heat destroys vitamin E - fast food etc

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15
Q

What Vitamin is the most potentially toxic?

A

Vitamin D - from supplements

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16
Q

Which vitamin is the best antioxidant?

A

Vitamin E

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17
Q

Vitamin K
- Functions
- Deficiency
- Toxicity
- Food

A

Function
- important for blood clotting
- bone protein synthesis

Deficiency
-Newborns
- need vit K shot - prevent hemorrhage b/c they don’t have vitamin k producing bacteria yet

Toxicity
- rare
- Warfarin antidote

Food
- intestinal bacteria as a source
- Green veggies
- leafy veggies
- veggie oils

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18
Q

Thiamin (vitamin)
- Functions
- Deficiency
- Toxicity
- Food

A

Function
- critical role in energy metabolism of all cells
- muscles and nerves depend heavily on thiamin

Deficiency
- Beriberi (edema or muscle wasting )
- anorexia & weight loss
- neurological issues
- Wernicke-Korskaoff syndrome - those who abuse alcohol

Toxicity
none

Foods - fortified & enriched
-Whole grain
-pork

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19
Q

Riboflavin (Vitamin)
- Functions
- Deficiency
- Toxicity
- Food

A

Function
- part of coenzymes used in energy metabolism
- vision
- skin health

Deficiency
- inflammation of mouth, skin, eyelids
- ariboflavinosis

Toxic
none

Foods
- milk products
- enriched/fortified whole-grain

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20
Q

Niacin
- Functions
- Deficiency
- Toxicity
- Food

A

Function
- part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism
- Tryptophan amino acid can be converted to niacin in body

Deficiency
- Pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia)

toxic
- niacin flush
-liver damage
-impaired glucose tolerance

Food
- Milk
-Eggs
-Meat/poultry/fish
- While grain & enriched breads
(not corn)

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21
Q

Biotin
- Functions
- Deficiency
- Toxicity
- Food

A

Function
- part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism

Deficiency
- Skin rash
- hair loss
- neuro issues

toxic
none

Foods
-in lots
-GI bacteria synthesis

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22
Q

Pantothenic acid
- Functions
- Deficiency
- Toxicity
- Food

A

function
- part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism

Deficiency
- Digestive issues
- neuro issues

toxic
none

Food
- in lots of food

23
Q

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
- Functions
- Deficiency
- Toxicity
- Food

A

functions
-part of coenzymes used in amino acid & fatty acid metabolism
- over 100 reactions in body tissues

Deficiency
- Scaly dermatitis
- depression
- confusion
- convulsions
- anemia

Toxicity
-nerve degeneration
-skin lesions

foods
- meat/fish/poultry
- legumes
-non-citrus fruit
- fortified cereals
- liver
- soy

24
Q

Folate (Folic acid)
- F
- D
- T
- F

A

function
- cell division
- Cells that divide rapidly are most vulnerable to deficiency

deficiency
- anemia
- neural tube defects

Toxicity
- folate can mask Vitamin B12 deficiency by resolving the macrocytic anemia seen in both folate and B12 deficiency

Foods
- fortified grains
- leafy green veggies
-legumes
-seeds
- liver

25
Q

Which cells are most vulnerable to deficiency?

A

Cells that divide rapidly

26
Q

Which 2 vitamin deficiencies cause anemia?

A

Folate
B12

27
Q

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
FDTF

A

Function
-required to activate folate to allow it to play its role in cell division
- helps to maintain the myelin sheath that surround and protect nerve fibres
- coenzyme in energy and amino acid metabolism

Deficiency
-neuromuscular dysfunction, such as creeping paralysis and general malfunctioning of nerves and muscles
- B12 deficiency looks like anemia from folate deficiency - pernicious anemia (lacks intrinsic factor)

Toxicity
none

Foods
-animals
- milk products
- fortified cereals

28
Q

Which 2 water soluble vitamins are closely related due to dependency on each other?

A

Folate
Vitamin B12

29
Q

what does B12 require for absorption?

A

-requires an intrinsic factor (IF) for absorption, a compound that is made by the stomach

30
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
FDTF

A

function
- maintaining the connective tissues and as an antioxidant

deficiency
- Scurvy caused by the breakdown of collagen

Toxicity
-diarrhea
- Gi distress

Food
-fruits & veggies
- can be damaged by heat

31
Q

What is Scurvy?

A

breakdown of collagen due to vitamin C deficiency
- bleeding gums
- pinpoint hemorrhages
- abnormal bone growth
- joint pain

32
Q

What group of people need more Vitamin C?

A

Smokers

33
Q

how is vitamin D made?

A

-UV light converts cholesterol compound in human skin to vitamin D precursor
- it is absorbed into the blood
- Liver and kidneys finish converting percursor to active Vitamin D

34
Q

Beriberi

A

Thiamin deficiency
- loss of feeling in hands, feet
- muscle weakness
- paralysis
- abnormal heart action

35
Q

Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome

A
  • in those who abuse alcohol
  • alcohol displaces food and impairs absorption of thiamin in digestive tract
  • speeds up excretion in the urine
36
Q

What do physcians administer large doses of as a way to lower blood lipids?

A

Niacin

37
Q

What 4 groups are at risk of folate deficiency and why

A
  1. pregnant people - affects fetal development
  2. elderly - meds interact
  3. Alcoholics - less folate absorption and less eating
  4. Smokers - folate inactivation in lungs means need more folate
38
Q

What 3 foods have been fortified with folic acid in Canada?

A

White flour
enriched pasta
corn meal

39
Q

Folate can mask which vitamin deficiency?

A

Vitamin B12

40
Q

Older people may not be able to absorb vitamin B12 because of their inability to produce what ?

A
  1. enough stomach acidity
  2. intrinsic factor
41
Q

What vitamin are vegans and vegetarians most at risk of developing deficiency for?

A

vitamin B12

42
Q

what foods are fortified with B12?

A
  • Soy beverages and meat alternatives
  • Red Star T6635 Yeast
43
Q

What are phytochemicals

A

-compounds derived from plants
-have biological activity in the body and may support health beyond traditional nutrients
-help with tastes, aromas colours and other characteristics

44
Q

What is the safest and most effective source of phytochemicals?

A

Food - not supplements

45
Q

What are functional foods

A
  • Whole or modified foods
  • demonstrate physiogical benefits
  • have the ability to reduce chronic disease risk b/c of phytochemicals they have
46
Q

What are modified functional foods?

A
  • They have these which have been added to them
  • phytochemicals
  • nutritens
  • other compounds
47
Q

What is an example of a modified functional food?

A

foods that have plant sterols added for cholesterol reduction
- margarines
- juices
- yogurt

48
Q

What do flavinoids do?

A
  • powerful antioxidants
  • protect against LDL oxidation
  • minimize inflammation
  • slow atheroscelorosis
49
Q

What do Carotenoids do?

A
  • red and yellow pigment
  • Vitamin A precursor (b-carotene)
  • could help lower risk of heart disease
50
Q

What do lycopene do?

A
  • red pigment in guava, pink grapefruit, tomatoes , watermelon
  • powerful antioxidant activity
51
Q

These types of supplements are NOT recommended

A

phytochemical supplements

52
Q

What meds can interact with plant sterol-enriched food?

A

Statins

53
Q

Which precursor should smokers avoid getting too much of

A

beta- carotine

HNSC 2170 nutrition Final exam (9 decks)

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