Structural Organisation in Animals 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

study of tissue and father of study of tissue

A

histology
bichat is father of tissue
he coined the word animal tissue
grew coined the word plant tissue

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2
Q

basic features of epithelial tissues

A

epithelial tissue- tissue which grows on other tissue( mainly connectiv tissue)
these originate first during embryonic devvelopment
Epithelial cells are compactly packed
with little inter cellular matrix.
 Due to less intercellular spaces blood vessels, lymph vessels and capillaries are unable to
pierce this tissue so blood circulation is absent in epithelium. Hence cells depend for their
nutrients on underlying connective tissue.

high power of regeneration

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3
Q

what is the basement membrane? what are the two types of basemeent membrane/

A

(i) epithelial cells depend upon abasement membrane for nutrition
(ii) basement membrane is secreted by epithelial tissue and connective tisue
(iii) it is a non living, selectively permeable layer.
(iv) 2 parts:
* basal lamina: secreted by epithelium/ made of glycoproteins
*fibrous lamina: secreted by connective/ made of mucopolysaccharide or hyaluronic acid with fibres

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4
Q

what are the cell junctions

A

(A) Tight Junctions help to stop substances from leaking across a tissue.

(B) Adhering junctions perform cementing to keep neighbouring cells together. also called as desmosomes/ macula adherens. These are mainly found in no stretchable epithelium. They provide mechanical uppoer

(C) Gap junctions facilitate the cells to communicate with each other by connecting the
cytoplasm of adjoining cells, for rapid transfer of ions, small molecules and sometimes big
molecules.

(D) Interdigitation finger like processes of plasma membrane which enter into cytoplasm of
adjacent cell. mainly found in stretchable or transitional eptihelium

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5
Q

modifications of plasma membrane: 1

A

(microvilli)
name: brush bordered
minute projections/ non contractile/non motile
these help increase surface area for secretion absorption
found in:
-proximal convoluted tubule of npehron
-walls of intestines
-gall bladder

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6
Q

modifications of plamsa membrane: 2

A

cilia/kinocilia
-long cylindrical projections uniform dimater from base to apex
- motile/contractile
name: ciliated
- functions:
help in the mvmnt or locomotion of particle/mucuous in an uniform direction

location:
- bronchi/bronchioles/tracjea
-fallopian tubes
-ependymal epithelium ( mvmnt of cerebrospinal fluid in brain and spinalcord)

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7
Q

modification of plasma membrane: 3

A

stereocilia
-conical shape
name: stereociliated
- nonmotile/non contractile
- functions:
increase surface area

location:
- epididymis/ vas deferens/ middle ear

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8
Q

simple sqamous epithelium

A

-it is called pavement epithemlium due to tile like appearance
-it is called tesselated epithelium due to wavy appearance in blood vessel and coelom.
-has round, flat nucleus present at the centre
-function: filtration/diffusion
location:

  • Outer surface of intestine.
  • **Bowman’s capsule (Podocyte)
  • Alveoli of lungs (Pneumocytes type-I) (air sacs of lungs)
  • Mesothelium – Lining of coelom is called as mesothelium.

**- Endothelium – Inner lining of blood vessels and lymph vessels.
- Endocardium – Inner most lining of heart is also made up of simple squamous epithelium.

-** Thin part of loop of Henle of nephron.**
- Peritoneum

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9
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

-cells cube in shape
-nucleus is spherical and at centre
-functions: absorption, secretion, excretion

  • Follicle of Thyroid gland
  • Type II Pneumocytes of alveoli
  • Acini of Pancreas
  • Secretory unit of sweat glands
  • Iris, Choroid, Ciliary body of eye, Epithelium of retina
  • Distal Cconvoluted Tubule of nephron
  • Thick part of loop of Henle
  • This epithelium is also called Germinal epithelium because in gonads (testes & ovaries)
    cubodial cells divide to form sperm & egg.
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10
Q

modifications of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

(i) brushbordered cuboidal epithelium
found in PCT of nephron
(ii) ciliated cuboidal nephron
found in collecting duct

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11
Q

columnar epithelium

A

liver bile duct and uterus
glandular columnar epithelium: stomach+large intestine
glandular brush bordered: small intestine
brush bordered: gall bladder
ciliated columnar epithelium: fallopian tubes, ependymal epithelium of brain to push csf
stereociliated columnar epithelium: epididymis, vas deferens

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12
Q

what is pseudostratified epithelium

A

*These cells are pillar like in shape so it is also a modification of columnar epithelium.
* In this epithelium 2 types of cells are present i.e. Tall cell and short cell.
* Nucleus in both cells are present on different level so it appears bilayered.
* All cells are present on single basement membrane so it is unilayered.

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13
Q

other name of pseudostratified

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Glandular Epithelium {PSCCGE}

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14
Q

pesudostratified epithelium

A

-respiratory epithelium of nasal chambers, bronchi and trachea

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15
Q

explain layers of stretchable or transitional epithelium

A

▪ Multilayered : 4-6 layers of cells are present
▪ Innermost layer - cube like cell
▪ Middle 2-4 layers - pear shape or
umbrella shaped cells/ polyhedral
cells
▪ Outermost 1-2 layers - oval shaped cells

present in:
Renal pelvis
▪ Ureter
▪ Urinary bladder
▪ Proximal part of male urethra
Note:
Mainly present in urinary system.
So also called Urothelium.

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16
Q

what happens to basement membrane when transitional eptihelium is streched

A

In resting conditions a thin basement
membrane is present but on
stretching, basement membrane
almost get disappeared
▪These different shape of cells appears
only in resting stage. When this tissue
is stretched, all the cells become
flattened
▪ Cells are interconnected by interdigitation
▪ A thin cuticle line at the outermost layer makes this tissue waterproof.

17
Q

what are two types of stratified squamous epithlium

A

i) keratinized- found in beaks,hooves,hair,nails

(ii) non keratinized
-found in buccal cavity of mammals
lining of anal canal and vagina
cornea of eye
- oesophagus

18
Q

what is the stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

▪ Middle layer - polygonal shape
▪ Innermost layer - cuboidal cell
▪ Outermost layer - cube like cell
▪ Cells are nucleated and living.

Examples:
* Secretory duct of sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands and
sebaceous glands
* Pancreatic duct
* Female urethra

19
Q

what is stratified columnar epithelium

A

▪ Middle layer - polygonal shape
▪ Innermost layer - cuboidal cell
- outermost layer: column like cells

(i) ciliated
-buccopharyngeal cavity of the frog
larynx

(ii) non ciliated
- distal part of male urethra
-epiglottis

20
Q

what are glands

A

▪A cell or a group of cells which secretes chemical substances
is known as a gland.
▪All Glands are composed of epithelial tissue.
GLANDS
▪Some columnar or cuboidal cells get specialized for
secretion known as Glandular Epithelium.
▪Glands can originate from all the three germinal layers.
ECTODERM – Sweat gland
MESODERM – Gonads
ENDODERM – Thyroid gland

21
Q

Father of microscopic anatomy

A

Malphigi

22
Q

Histeocytes

A

Kill bacteria by phagocytosis
Macrophage is a type of histeocyte

23
Q

Origin of i) Mesothelium/ Peritoneum

A

i) Mesoderm
ii)

24
Q

Germinative layer of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Germinative layer = basal layer = cuboidal cells

25
Q

Which part of the body contribute the maximum amount to the body weight

A

Muscular tissue

26
Q

What is glisson capsule

A

A layer of CONNECTIVE TISSUE surrounding the liver