renal system

Question 1

What are the parts of the renal system

Answer 1

Kidneys (produce/ excrete urine)

Urinary track (elimnate urine)
- ureters (paired tube)
- urinary bladder (muscular sac)
- urethra (exit tube)

Question 2

What is urination. micturition and how does it take place

Answer 2

Process of eliminating urine

Contraction of muscular urinary bladder forces urine thorugh urethra and out of body

Question 3

What is the function of the renal system

Answer 3

Excretion
- removal of organic wastes from body fluids

Elimination
-discharge of waste products

Homeostatic regulation
- regulation of blood plasma volume and solute concentration

Regulates blood volume and b.p
- adjusting volume of water lost in urine and releasing etythropoeitin and renin

Regulates plasma ion concentrations
- Sodium, potassium and chloride ions
- calcium ion levels

Stabilize blood pH
- controlling loss of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in urine

Conserves valuable nutrients
- preventing excretion while excretion organic waste products

Question 4

Location of kidney

Answer 4

Located on either side of the vertebral column

Left kidney superior to the right

Question 5

what is the position of the kidneys maintained by

Answer 5

Overlying peritoneum, contact with adjacent visceral organs and supporting connective tissues

Question 6

What are the differnet parts of the kidney (not v impt)

Answer 6

Hilum, fibrous capsule, renal cortex and renal medulla, major calyx and renal pelvis

Question 7

What is the blood supply of the kidney

Answer 7

Adrenal artery and renal artery

Renal vein

Question 8

What is a nephron and where is it located

Answer 8

It is the basic functional unti of the kidney where urine production begins and is located in the cortex of each renal lobe

Question 9

What structures make up the renal corpuscle

Answer 9

Bowman’s capsule and the capillary network, glomerulus

Is where the renal tubule begins

Question 10

What are the functions of the nephron

Answer 10

Renal corpuscle
- site of filtration

Renal tubule
- reabsorbs urseful organic nutrients that enter filtrate
- reabsorb more than 90% of water in filtrate
- secrete waste products that failed to enter renal corupscle through filtration at glomerulus

Question 11

State what takes place at the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Answer 11

Reabsorption of water, ions and all organic nutrients

Question 12

State what takes place at the distal convolute tubule (DCT)

Answer 12

Secretion of acids, drug and ammonia

Vairable reabsorption of water, sodium ions

Question 13

What is the function of collecting ducts

Answer 13

Receive fluid from many nephrons and carries fluid to papillary duct that drains into a minor calyx

Question 14

Juxtaglomerular complex (IDK if i needa know this)

Answer 14

An endocrine structure that secretes erythropoietin and renin

Question 15

What is the puprose of urine prodution

Answer 15

Maintain homeostasis by regulating volume and composition of blood and excretion of metabolic waste products (urea, creatinine and uric acid)

Question 16

What happens to organic waste products

Answer 16

Dissolved in bloodstream, elimintaed while dissolved in urine and removal is accompanies by water loss

Question 17

What is the basic process of urine formation

Answer 17

Filtration at glomerulus
- Blood pressure force water into renal corpuscle bringing along solute molecules

Reabsorption at the PCT
- reabsorption of fluid and solute molecules into the peritubular fluid to return to blood circulation

Secretion at the DCT
- transport of residue solute molecules that are not removed by filtration into tubular fluid and then into the urine

Question 18

What hormones play a role in reabsorbtion and secretion at the renal tubule

Answer 18

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH): reansorption of water into blood resulting in more concentrated urine

Aldosterone: Reabsorption of sodium ions into blood to prevent loss in urine

Question 19

What are the solutes normally found in the urine

Answer 19

Sodium and potatassium ion

Urea, uric acid and creatinine

Ammonia

Bicarbonate ions

Question 20

What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the average amount produced per minute

Answer 20

Amount of filtrate kidneys produce each minute

Average 125 mL/min

Question 21

What affects the GFR

Answer 21

Autoregulation

Autonomic regulation

Hormonal regulation

Question 22

Blood pressure impact on the GFR

Answer 22

Reduced blood flow decreases GFR, dilation of afferent arteriole n glomerular capilaries, constriction of efferent arterioles

Question 23

Rise in renal blood pressure

Answer 23

Constricts afferent arteriolesm decreases glomerular blood flow and thickning of glomerulus and arterioles resulting from long term high BP

Question 24

What is the function of the ureters

Answer 24

Transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

Question 25

How many liters of urine are produced in a day

Answer 25

1 to 1.8 liters

Question 26

what is the function of the urethra

Answer 26

Urine excretion, from urinary bladder to exterior of body

In females it only carries urine

In males it caries urine and sperm

Question 27

what is micturition

Answer 27

emptying of the urinary bladder

Question 28

What are the age related changes to the renal system

Answer 28

Decline in number of functional nephrons

Reduction in GFR

Reduced sensitivy to ADH and aldosterone

Problems with micturition reflex
- sphincter muscles lose tone leading to incontinence
- control of micturition can be lost due to a stokem, Alzheimer’s diseasem, and other CNS problems
- urinary retention may develop in males if enlarged prostate glad compresses the urethra and restricts urine flow

Question 29

What will not be found in the urine

Answer 29

RBC
Glucose
Protein