Respiratory system

Question 1

What are the functions of the respiratory system

Answer 1

Provides extensive gas exchange surface area betweem air and circulating blood

Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lung

Protects respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temperature changes and invading pathogens

Produces sounds for speaking, singing and other form of communication

Aid sin the snses of smell by the olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity

Question 2

What are the two portions in tract

Answer 2

Conducting portion: nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles

Respiratory portion:
respiratory bronchoiles and alveoli

Question 3

What is an aveoli

Answer 3

Air filled pockets within the lungs where all gas exhange takes place

Question 4

What is the name of the voice box

Answer 4

larynx

Question 5

What is the flap that closes over the windpipe when eating

Answer 5

epiglottis

Question 6

What are the structures in the nose

Answer 6

Coarse hairs guard nasal cavity from large airborne particles

Small airborne particles stick to mucous lining of nasal cavity

Turbulent air flow allow extra time for warming and humidifying air

Mucus and hairs clear the respiratory surface of nasal cavity

Question 7

Why are there tendons in the windpipe

Answer 7

To ensure that the windpipe does not collapse and to provide it structral integrity

Question 8

What is another name for the pharynx

Answer 8

Throat

Question 9

What are the different branches of the bronchial tree

Answer 9

primary bronchi to secondary bronchi to tertiary bronchi to smaller bronchi to bronchioles to terminal bronchiole to respiratory bronchiole to alveoli

Question 10

What is the effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation on bronchi

Answer 10

Sympathetic inntercation causes bronchodilation

Parasymptathetic causes bronchoconstriction

Question 11

What does alveolar ducts do

Answer 11

connect respiratory bronchoiles to alveolar sacs

Question 12

What are alveoli

Answer 12

The exchange surfaces of the lungs

Question 13

What are the three layers in the respiratory membrane

Answer 13

Alveolar epithelium

Fused basal laminae

Capillary endothelium

Question 14

What are the lobes in the right and left lung

Answer 14

Right lung: three lobe (superior, middle and inferior) seperated by horizontal and oblique fissures

Left lung: two lobes (superior and inferior) seperated by oblique fissure

Question 15

What is the different between external and internal respiration

Answer 15

external respiration is exhanging oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment

internal or cellular respiration is absorption of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide with individual cells

Question 16

How does pulmonary ventilation (breathing) take place

Answer 16

Movement of air in and out of respiratory tract for alveolar ventilation

Gas diffusion across respiratory membrane and capillaries walls

Oxgen and carbon dioxide exhange between alveolar capillaries and capillary beds in other tissues

Pressure and airflow to lungs affect by pressure gradient

A respiration cycle is an inspiration + expiration

Question 17

What are the two types of breathing

Answer 17

Eupnea, active inhalation with passive exhalation

Forced breathing
inhalation and exhalation are both active

Question 18

Give a brief description of internal respiration

Answer 18

Interstitial fluid oxygen pressure lower and carbon dioxide higher than blood
Carbon dioxide will diffuses in and oxygen will diffuses out of blood

Question 19

What factors affect release of oxygen into the body

Answer 19

partial pressure of oxygen in surrounding (more O2 when pressure lower)

Blood pH (O2 easily released when pH decrease)

Temperature ( more O2 when temp. rises)

Question 20

name the function of RBC

Answer 20

Transport oxygen to, and carbon dioxide from, peripheral tissues

Remove oxygen and carbon dioxide from plasma, allowing gases to diffuse into blood

Question 21

How is carbon dioxide generated

Answer 21

As a byproduct of aerobic metabolism

Question 22

How is carbon dioxide transported in the bloodstream

Answer 22

Dissolved in plasma, binds to haemoglobin w ithin red blood cells and is convereted to bicarbonic acid

Question 23

Under normal conditions how is the equilibrium of respiration ensured

Answer 23

cellular rates of absorption and generation matched by rates of delivery and removal of the capillaries

Question 24

What are the factors that contribute to maintainces of equilibrium of respiration

Answer 24

Local control (change in parital pressure at location/ change in blood flow or airflow into aveoli)

Control by brain’s respiratory centers
(medulla oblongata and pons involuntary and cerebral cortex voluntary)

Reflex control (normal breathing modified by respiratory reflexes)

Control by higher centers (effects on respiratory of pons and direct control of respiratory muscles)

Question 25

What are the effects of again on respiration

Answer 25

The restriction of chest movements
- limits pulmonary ventilation and vital capcity

Emphysema in people over age 50
- worsens by smoking habit in individual