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Flashcards in 138 Heart Failure Deck (23)
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1
Q

HF as syndrome, criteria

A
  • Heart failure (HF) is a syndrome
  • HF is when the heart:
  1. Cannot produce enough cardiac output to meet the metabolic demands of the body OR
  2. Can only produce enough cardiac output at the expense of ­cardiac filling pressures OR
  3. Both #1 and #2 above (low cardiac output and elevated filling pressures)

•HF has been variably defined as…

–A renal problem: Na+ and fluid retention

–Forward failure vs backward failure

–Right-sided failure vs left-sided failure

–Systolic HF vs diastolic HF

–A neurohormonal problem

–An electromechanical problem

•Often multifactorial

2
Q

•5-year survival after HF hospitalization

A

Only 30-35%

3
Q

Systolic Dysfunction à HF with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)

A
4
Q

Key pathophysiology of HF#1: decreased CO

(symptoms/signs)

A

•Symptoms:

–Fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, end-organ failure (e.g., ¯urine output)

•Signs:

–Hypotension, hypothermia

–Cool extremities, weak carotid upstroke

–Cardiac cachexia

5
Q

Diastolic Dysfunction à Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)

A
6
Q

Key pathophysiology of HF#2: ­increased FP

A

•increased ­LV filling pressures:

–Pulmonary venous congestion

–Symptoms: dyspnea, orthopnea, PND

–Signs: pulmonary rales

•­increased RV filling pressures:

–Systemic venous congestion

–Symptoms: leg swelling, abdominal bloating

–Signs: ­JVP, ascites, hepatomegaly, edema

causes of increased filling pressures:

  • Impaired LV or RV relaxation
  • Reduced LV or RV compliance (­stiffness)
  • Fluid overload (e.g., renal failure)
7
Q

Systolic dysfunction vs systolic HF

A
8
Q

Diastolic dysfunction vs diastolic HF

A
9
Q

HFrEF vs HFpEF

A
10
Q

HF with preserved EF (HFpEF

A
  • Sounds like “huff puff”, EF > 45-50%
  • 40-50% of patients with HF have HFpEF
  • Prevalence is increasing
  • Heterogeneous pathophysiology:

–Diastolic dysfunction

–Chronotropic incompetence

–Abnormal ventricular-vascular coupling

–Extracardiac cause of fluid overload (renal)

11
Q

Neurohormonal activation in HF

Why is neurohormonal activation bad?

A

Sympathetic nervous system:

  • decrease in CO leads to decreased perfusion pressure sensed by carotid baroreceptors
  • Results in increased sympathetic outflow
  • Initially a good thing:

–The body is trying to preserve BP

–BP = CO x TPR = HR x SV x TPR

–­SNS increases HR, contractility, vasoconstriction

Why is neurohormonal activation bad?

  • Natriuretic peptides are good
  • SNS, RAAS, AVP activation: all bad
  • Initially they are compensatory
  • They very quickly worsen the HF syndrome

–Sodium and water retention: ­congestion

–Vasoconstriction: ­afterload = ¯CO

–Ang II, aldosterone: ­cardiac fibrosis

12
Q

Deleterious Effects of Angiotensin II

A
13
Q

Arginine vasopressin (AVP, ADH)

A
14
Q

Natriuretic peptides (NPs)

A
15
Q
A
16
Q

Cardiac remodeling in HF

A
17
Q

•3 common types of electric problems in HF:

A

–Scar formation = focal re-entry = ventricular tachycardia

–Atrial enlargement/overload = atrial fibrosis = atrial fibrillation / atrial flutter

–Electric remodeling = intra- and interventricular dyssynchrony à further deterioration in cardiac output

18
Q

Triggers of Decompensation in HF

A
  • Sodium intake
  • Renal failure
  • Fluid administration
  • Uncontrolled hypertension
  • Infection
  • Fever
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
19
Q

Common Symptoms and Exam Findings in HF Left vs Right Sided

A
20
Q

Heart Failure staging and class system

A
21
Q

Right Heart Failure

A
  • RV is Highly Compliant
  • Accepts preload readily
  • Needs preload: “Preload sensitive”
  • Afterload sensitive
  • RV afterload can be:

–Pulmonic stenosis

–Pulmonary arterial hypertension

–Intrinsic lung disease

–Sleep apnea

–LV failure

22
Q

High Output Cardiac Failure

A

•High Cardiac Output

–Hyperthyroidism (Increased Stroke Volume)

–Severe Anemia (Increased Stroke Volume)

–Vasodilatation (thiamine deficiency)

–Arterio-venous fistula

  • Leads to circulatory overload
  • Leads to elevated filling pressures
  • May lead to cardiac dilatation
23
Q

Key Summary HF

A
  • •HF is a common, costly, deadly syndrome
  • •2 main pathophysiologic abnormalities
    • –Decreased cardiac output and/or
    • –Elevated cardiac filling pressures
  • •Systolic and diastolic HF:
    • –Equivalent symptoms, severity, and neurohormonal activation
    • –Differ by underlying anatomic structure/function only
  • •Maladaptive neurohormonal activation: key factor causing the downward spiral in HF