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Anatomical Sciences 1 > Lecture 4- Embryology > Flashcards

Lecture 4- Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

How does the medical model view disability

A

As a deficiency or abnormality

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2
Q

What is the remedy of disability according to the medical model

A

Cure or normalization of the individual

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3
Q

How does the social model view disability

A

As being different

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4
Q

According to the social model how is disability remedied

A

By making society become more accessible to the individual

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5
Q

According to the social model what does disability derive from?

A

From the interaction of the individual with society

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6
Q

According to the medical model what does disability derive from?

A

The individual’s physical or mental limitations

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7
Q

Atypical bodies don’t always require _______

A

Treatment or cure

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8
Q

What are the 3 stages of prenatal embryology

A

Pre-embryonic, embryonic, fetal

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9
Q

What is the timeframe of the pre-embryonic stage?

A

1-2 weeks

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10
Q

What is the timeframe of the embryonic stage?

A

3-8 weeks

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11
Q

What is the timeframe of the fetal stage?

A

9-38 weeks

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12
Q

What age do clinicians use

A

Gestational age

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13
Q

When is gestational timed from

A

The last normal menstrual period

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14
Q

Gestational age in weeks =’s ____________ age in weeks +2

A

Embryonic

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15
Q

What are the major events of the pre-embryonic stage

A

Fertilization, blastocyst (formation of and implantation of), bilaminar disc

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16
Q

What happens in the embryonic stage?

A

Gastrulation, neurulation, body folding, origin of organ systems

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17
Q

What what happens in the fetal stage?

A

Rapid growth, maturation of tissues and organs

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18
Q

What is a teratogen

A

Genetic/ environmental agent that alters the development of the embryo/ fetus

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19
Q

When is the greatest risk of of developing a congenital difference

A

The embryonic period

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20
Q

A teratogen in the pre-embryonic period will cause what

A

A spontaneous abortion

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21
Q

Superior direction in an adult is _____ in an embryo

A

Cranial (cephalic)

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22
Q

Inferior direction in an adult is _____ in an embryo

A

Caudal

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23
Q

What 3 things happen in week 1 of the pre-embryonic stage

A

Fertilization, blastocyst, implantation

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24
Q

What happens in week 2 of the pre-embryonic stage

A

Bilaminar disc

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25
Q

Fertilization is the union of what

A

Gametes (sperm & ovum)

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26
Q

Where is the normal site of implantation

A

Ampulla of fallopian tube

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27
Q

After the sperm nucleus enters the cytoplasm of the oocyte what is formed

A

The zygote

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28
Q

Familiarize yourself

A
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29
Q

Implantations that occur in the abdominal cavity commonly occur where

A

In the rectouterine pouch

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30
Q

Identify arrows

A
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31
Q

What are the 2 steps of IVF

A

▪ Oocytes collected via laparoscopy and placed in culture dish
▪ Sperm added immediately

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32
Q

What are the 2 steps in intracytoplasmic sperm injection

A

▪ Oocytes collected like in IVF
▪ A single sperm is injected into oocyte (circumvents male infertility)

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33
Q

ARTs are associated with 30-40% risk of what

A

Spontaneous abortions, multiple births, low birth weight, preterm delivery

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34
Q

During week 1 what do cleavage and compaction achieve

A

Cleavage: Increases cell number without increasing mass (cells get smaller)
Compaction

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35
Q

Compaction forms what 2 things in week 1

A

An outer cell mass and an inner cell mass

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36
Q

Cleavage of week one ends with what

A

Formation of a blastocyst

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37
Q

Define blastocyst

A

Morula with a fluid-filled cavity

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38
Q

What is the outer cell mass called in week 1&2

A

Trophoblast

39
Q

What is the inner cell mass called in week 1

A

Embryoblast

40
Q

What are the arrows pointing to

A
41
Q

The blastocyst hatches from _____ to allow implantation

A

Zona pellucida

42
Q

Day 6: where does the initial implantation of the blastocyst occur

A
43
Q

Week 2- What are the 2 things that the trophoblast develops into?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast

44
Q

Week 2- What are the 2 things that the Embryoblast develops into?

A

Epiblast, hypoblast

45
Q

A morula is composed of how many cells

A

16

45
Q

What is the order of naming the baby in the first week

A

Blastomere–> morula–>blastocyst

46
Q

Week 2- What are the 2 cavities formed by the epiblast & hypoblast?

A

Amniotic cavity, chorionic cavity

47
Q

Week 2- What are the 2 things that the extra-embryonic mesoderm develops into by the chorionic cavity splitting?

A

Parietal layer, visceral layer

48
Q

Appearance at the end of week 2- identify arrows coming from the top

A
49
Q

Appearance at the end of week 2- identify arrows coming from the right

A
50
Q

Appearance at the end of week 2- identify arrows coming from the bottom

A
51
Q

What happens in week 2

A

The completion of implantation

52
Q

The hole in the uterine mucosa heals by when

A

Day 13- the blastocyst is now within the uterine mucosa

53
Q

Week 2- The trophoblast part of blastocyst continues to erode into endometrium and will eventually establish _______________

A

Uteroplacental circulation

54
Q

What does the syncytiotrophoblast do

A

Acts as a barrier between the fetal and moms blood

55
Q

What does the syncytiotrophoblast secrete in week 2

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HcG-maintains corpus luteum), Progesterone

56
Q

What does the cytotrophoblast act as

A

Stem cell reserve

57
Q

What erodes the uterine epithelium during implantation

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

58
Q

What are the derivatives of the epiblast?

A

Body of the embryo, amniotic sac

59
Q

What are the derivatives of the hypoblast?

A

Yolk sac (replaces blastocyst), extra embryonic mesoderm

60
Q

What causes the embryoblast to differentiate into the epiblast and the hypoblast

A

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)

61
Q

When viewed dorsally the epiblast and the hypoblast form what

A

Bilaminar disc

62
Q

The amniotic cavity forms the _____

A

Epiblast

63
Q

The chorionic cavity forms between the yolk sac and cytotrophoblast from a new tissue layer called the ________

A

Extra embryonic mesoderm

64
Q

What lines the yolk sac

A

Visceral EEM (gives rise to initial blood cells & vessels in week 3)

65
Q

Formation of the chorionic cavity splits the extra-embryonic mesoderm into what 2 layers

A

Parietal, visceral

66
Q

Gastrulation happens in what weeks

A

3-4 (cranial end finishes before caudal end)

67
Q

Gastrulation begins with what

A

The appearance of the primitive streak on the epiblast

68
Q

Gastrulation does what

A

Forms 3 germ layers

69
Q

What are the 3 germ layers that gastrulation gives rise to

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

70
Q

What forms at the head end of the primitive streak?

A

Primitive node

71
Q

The primitive node secretes what

A

Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8)

72
Q

What does fibroblast growth factor 8 control

A

The cell migration of epiblast cells

73
Q

Along the midline, a solid cord of cells differentiates into the _____

A

Notochord

74
Q

What are the 3 functions of the notochord- to signal the formation of the….

A

Midline axis of the embryo, axial skeleton, neural tube

75
Q

FGF8 causes the epiblast cells to do what

A

Invaginate at the primitive node and migrate cranially

76
Q

Invaginating epiblast cells that replace hypoblast cells differentiate into _____

A

Endoderm

77
Q

Invaginating epiblast cells that stay between endoderm & epiblast differentiate into ______

A

Mesoderm

78
Q

Epiblast cells that remain on the surface differentiate into _______

A

Ectoderm

79
Q

Ectoderm gives rise to what

A

Tissues & organs that maintain contact with external environment (e.g., epidermis, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, neural crest cells)

80
Q

Mesoderm gives rise to what

A

Connective tissues, muscle, vascular & urogenital systems

81
Q

Endoderm gives rise to what

A

Endoderm gives rise to epithelial lining of digestive & respiratory systems, bladder & urethra; parenchyma of various glands

82
Q

What can develop from uncontrolled growth of pluripotent embryoblast cells

A

Teratoma (germ cell tumor)

83
Q

What is a totipotent cell derived from & what can it form into

A

Derived from zygote or blastocyst; can form any cell or tissue type

84
Q

What is a pluripotent (AKA embryonic stem cell) cell derived from & what can it form into

A

Derived from embryoblast; can form any of three germ layers and derivatives

85
Q

What is a multipotent (progenitor cell) cell derived from & what can it form into

A

Found in red marrow and embryo and adult; can form a few cell types (e.g., hemopoietic progenitor cell forming different types of adult blood cells)

86
Q

What is a unipotent (precursor cell) cell derived from & what can it form into

A

Found in embryo and adult; can form a single cell type

87
Q

What is a summary of week 1

A
88
Q

What is a summary of week 2

A
89
Q

What is a summary of weeks 1-3

A
90
Q

High levels of HcG in urine indicate what

A

A successful implantation has occurred

91
Q

The extra-embryonic mesoderm lines what cavity

A

Chorionic cavity

92
Q

Gastrulation establishes what

A

Tissue lineages

Anatomical Sciences 1 (20 decks)

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