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PUBLIC HEALTH 2 > DISEASE CONTROL > Flashcards

DISEASE CONTROL Flashcards

1
Q

3 characteristics of a communicable disease

A

Infectious agent
Host
Environnement

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2
Q

In order to survive, an infectious agent must be able to

A

Multiply
Emerge from the host
Reach a new host
Infect the new host

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3
Q

Factors the affect immunity of the host

A

Age
Sex
Pregnancy
Trauma and fatigue
Here immunity

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4
Q

What is an endemic

A

When an infectious agent or disease has constant presence within a defined geographic area

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5
Q

Epidemic

A

Occurrence of infectious agent or host that clearly exceed the usual expected frequency of the disease in a particular population

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6
Q

Outbreak

A

Increase in number of diseases in excesss of what would normally be expected in a community, geographical area or season
Or
A single case or a communicable disease long absent from a population or caused by an agent not recognized in a population
Or
Emergence of a previously unknown disease

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7
Q

Pandemic

A

A global epidemic

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8
Q

Control

A

Reducing disease mortality, morbidity, incidence or prevalence to a locally acceptable level

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9
Q

What types of preventions are mostly used to achieve CONTROL

A

Primary and Secondary Prevention

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10
Q

Elimination

A

Reduction of disease or infection to zero in a defined geographical area

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11
Q

Examples of eliminated diseases

A

Neonatal tetanus

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12
Q

Examples of eliminated infections

A

Yaws
Poliomyelitis

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13
Q

Eradication

A

Reduction to zero of the incidence of infection worldwide

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14
Q

Example of an eradicated infection

A

Smallpox

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15
Q

How can control activities be delivered

A

Vertical programmes
Integrated
Combined

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16
Q

Core functions in disease prevention

A

Setting priorities
Detecting and reporting cases
Investigating outbreaks and confirming existence
Choosing a control strategy
Undertaking action
Assessing results of action

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17
Q

Criteria for prioritizing communicable diseases

A

Impact
Epidemic potential
Potential for prevention and control
International importance

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18
Q

The functional levels of disease prevention and control

A

Peripheral
Intermediate
Central

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19
Q

Roles performed at the peripheral level

A

Immunisation
Mass chemoprophylaxis/ chemotherapy
Safe water supply and sanitation
Food safety
Injection safety / stérilisation
Vector control
Case management

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20
Q

Role of intermediate level

A

Collect and analyse data
Investigate and follow up suspected outbreaks
Feed info back to peripheral level
Implement prevention and control activities through the peripheral level
Report to central level on suspected or confirmed outbreaks, surveillance control and achievements
Provide materials and technical support to peripheral level
Regular training of staff

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21
Q

Examples of intermediate level

A

District and Regional

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22
Q

Role of central level

A

Support intermediate level
Deal with outbreaks of national importance
Lisaise with WHO and other countries
Identify requirements and obtain assistance from international or bilateral sources
Provide feedback to intermediate and peripheral level

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23
Q

Three main methods of controlling a communicable disease

A

Eliminate reservoir
Interrupt pathway of transmission
Protect susceptible hosts

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24
Q

Types of reservoirs

A

Human reservoir
Zoonoses
Non living reservoirs

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25
Q

Methods of controlling diseases with a human reservoir

A

Isolation
Quarantine

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26
Q

Types of immunization

A

Passive
Active

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27
Q

Groups requiring immunization

A

Infants and children - immunization schedule
Pregnant women - prevention of maternal and neonatal tetanus
Adults and those over 50 - boosters esp tetanus
High risk groups eg anthrax
Special public health strategies for control or eradication eg smallpox, polio
Outbreak response immunization

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28
Q

Mechanism of distribution for mass drug distribution

A

House to house
Distribution booths
Special groups
Work place
Meeting lances
Clinics/ pharmacies

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29
Q

Prophylaxis for filariasis and target group

A

Albendazole and Diethycarbamazine
Community>2yrs

30
Q

Prophylaxis for soil transmitted intestinal helmitnhs

A

Albendazole of Levimasole or Mebendazole

Target: school children, preschool children, pregnant women

31
Q

Prophylaxis for onchocerciasis

A

Ivermectin

Target: individuals >5yrs or 15kg

32
Q

Prophylaxis for schistosomiasis (>20% haematuria)

A

Praziquantel

Target: school age children

33
Q

Measles prophylaxis

A

Vitamin A

Target: children 2-5yrs,< 2yrs

34
Q

Five keys to food safety

A

Keep food clean
Separate raw and cooked food
Cook food at or over 70 degrees thoroughly
Keep food at safe temperatures (less than 5 or over 60 degrees)
Use safe water and raw materials

35
Q

Main options for vector control

A

Larval control
Control of adult vectors
Limit contact between vectors and humans
Combined use of vector control methods

36
Q

Target for SMC

A

3-59 months old children in Sahel regions

37
Q

Prevent for malaria

A

ITN
indoor residual spraying
SMC
IPT

38
Q

Which people are mostly affected by meningococcal disease

A

Under 5

39
Q

Region most affected my meningococcal disease

A

Sub Saharan Africa

40
Q

Causative grant for meningococcal disease

A

Neiserria meningitidis

41
Q

Countries in the meningitis belt

A

Senegal to Ethiopia

42
Q

Mode of transmission for meningococcal disease

A

Aerosol or direct contact when respiratory secretions of infected persons

43
Q

Intervention for CSM epidemic

A

Mass immunization with polysaccharide vaccines against sérieuses A, C, Y W135

44
Q

Prevention for meningococcal disease

A

Chemoprophylaxis and Vaccination

45
Q

Countries that Guinea worm cases were reported in 2017

A

Chad
Ethiopia

46
Q

Causal agent for Dracunculiasis

A

Dracunculia medinensis

47
Q

Mode of transmission for Guinea worm

A

Ingestion of contaminated water containing the intermediate host, cyclops

48
Q

Intermediate host for Guinea worm

A

Cyclops

49
Q

Treatment for Guinea worm

A

No treatment

50
Q

Prevention for Guinea worm

A

Keeping infected people away from water sources
Filter drinking water with nylon cloth
Health education

51
Q

Which countries have HIV 2

A

Parts of western and Southern Africa

52
Q

Has Guinea worm been eradicated from Ghana

A

Yes

53
Q

Which countries is river blindness or onchocerciasis endemic in

A

30 out of the 36 counties are in subsaharan Africa

54
Q

Causative agent for river blindness

A

Nematode , Onchocerca volvulus

55
Q

Causative agent for river blindness

A

Nematode , Onchocerca volvulus

56
Q

case management for ochocerciasis

A

ivermectin once a year for a period of 15-20years

57
Q

Prevention for river blindness

A

aerial spraying to breeding sites in fast flowing rivers to eliminate the black fly

58
Q

vector for river blindness

A

Blackfly- Simulium damnosum

59
Q

causative agents for tuberculosis

A

M. tuberculosis
M. bovis
M. africanum

60
Q

Modes of transmission for tuberculosis

A

Droplet infection
M. bovis from milk of infected cattle

61
Q

Drugs for DOTS for tuberculosis

A

rifampicin
isoniazid
pyrazinamide
ethambutol
streptomycin

62
Q

Case detection for TB

A

Sputum smear microscopy
PCR

63
Q

When was Ghana certified for gunea worm eradication

A

2015

64
Q

Last reported case of guinea worm in ghana

A

2010

65
Q

Prevention of TB

A

Managing infected patients
Pasteurization of milk
BCG vaccination at birth

66
Q

Causative agent for rabies

A

Rhabdovirus

67
Q

Mode of transmission of rabies

A

bite or scratch from a rhabid dog or cat

68
Q

Schedule for IM injections of rabes pre exposue immunization

A

0,7,28 days

69
Q

Which country reported a recent outbreak of anthrax

A

Uganda

70
Q

Causative agent of anthrax

A

spore forming Bacillus anthracis

71
Q

Drug for anthrax

A

Penicillin V, G or procaine depending on severity or stage

72
Q

prevention methods for anthrax

A

Vaccination of livestock
Selective preventive vaccinations in humans

PUBLIC HEALTH 2 (7 decks)

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