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PUBLIC HEALTH 2 > MICRONUTRIENTS > Flashcards

MICRONUTRIENTS Flashcards

1
Q

In what amounts do we require micronutrients

A

Milligrams and Micrograms

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2
Q

What are they called micronutrients

A

Because they are required in small amounts

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3
Q

Role of micronutrients

A

Act as catalyst or substances that help trigger other reactions in the body

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4
Q

Types of vitamins

A

Fat soluble
Water soluble

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5
Q

Factors that can change or inactive vitamins

A

Heat
Light
Oxygen
Chemical processes

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6
Q

Factors that affect the amount of nutrients in food

A

Processing
Storage
Growing conditions
Cooking methods

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7
Q

Which vitamins can be synthesized by the body

A

Vitamin D
Vitamin B3 / niacin in small amounts

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8
Q

Vitamin B1

A

Thiamin

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9
Q

Vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin

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10
Q

Vitamin B3

A

Niacin

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11
Q

Vitamin B 5

A

Pantothenic acid

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12
Q

Vitamin B6

A

Pyridoxine

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13
Q

Vitamin B7

A

Biotin

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14
Q

Vitamin B9

A

Folate

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15
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Cobalamin

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16
Q

Factors affecting body nutritional requirements

A

Age
Sex
Physiological state
State of health

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17
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins A, D, E, K

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18
Q

Forms of vitamin A

A

Vitamin A
Provitamin A

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19
Q

Name of Vitamin A

A

Retinol/ Retinoic acid/ Retinal

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20
Q

The three carotenoids

A

Alpha carotene
Beta carotene
Beta cryptoxanthin

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21
Q

Functions of Vitamin A

A

Night and color vision
Immune system
Growth Cell differentiation
Reproductive processes
Bone health
Skin and mucous membranes
Embryonic development

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22
Q

Sources of preformed Vit A

A

Animals sources only
Eggs, yolks
Liver
Whole milk
Cheese, butter, margarine
Reduced fat spreads

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23
Q

Sources of carotenoids

A

Broccoli
Spinach
Carrots
Sweet potatoes
Peaches
Dark green/ yellow orange fruits and vegetables

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24
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

Night blindness
Xerophthalmia
Total blindness
Susceptibility to infection

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25
Q

Xerophthalmia

A

Dryness of the cornea and conjunctiva

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26
Q

Effect of marginal vitamin A deficiency in childhood

A

Susceptibility to infections

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27
Q

Vitamin A toxicity

A

Cleft palate
Spontaneous abortions

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28
Q

Vitamin A cautions in pregnancy

A

Consume supplements and medications that contain beta carotene instead of Vitamin A

Avoid liver and liver products

Avoid consuming high dose Vit A supplements (2800-3300 mcg/day)

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29
Q

Benefits of Vitamin A supplementation in children from 6 months to 5 years

A

Reduces mortality from infectious diseases such as diarrhea and measles

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30
Q

Dose of Vitamin A used as supplementation for children between 6 months to 5 years

A

200,000IU

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31
Q

Vitamin D daily adequate intake

A

1-70 years - 600IU
>70 years - 800IU

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32
Q

Liver and kidney enzymes responsible for Vit D activation

A

Liver - 24-alpha hydroxylase

Kidney - 1- alpha hydroxylase

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33
Q

Name for Vit D

A

Cholecalciferol

34
Q

Activated form of Vit D

A

1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3

35
Q

Role of Vitamin D

A

Regulates intestinal Calcium absorbing
Absorption of phosphorus
Normal bone mineralization
Regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation
Activator of insulin like growth factor-1

36
Q

Which vitamin deficiency causes sarcopenia and why

A

Vitamin D
Due to the activation of IGF-1 by vitamin D

37
Q

Best source of Vit D

A

Sunlight

38
Q

Foods containing vitamin D

A

Fatty fish such as salmon and tuna
Egg yolks, beef liver, muschrooms
Fortified milk, orange juice and breakfast cereals

39
Q

Upper limit for vit D for above 9 years

A

4000IU

40
Q

Vitamin D toxicity

A

Hypercalcemia

41
Q

Effects of hypercalcemia

A

Bone loss
Kidneys stones
Affects the nervous system , lungs, heart, kidneys and blood vessels

42
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Weak bones
Rickets in children
Osteomalacia in adults
Increased bone fractures due to osteomalacia

43
Q

Effect of osteomalacia

A

Increased bone fractures

44
Q

How many compounds make up vitamin E

A

Eight

45
Q

Most common form of vitamin E

A

Alpha tocopherol

46
Q

Two main types of compounds in Vitamin E

A

Tocopherols
Tocotrienols

47
Q

Names the 8 compounds referred to as Vitamin E

A

Alpha, beta, gamma and delta tocopherol
Alpha, beta and gamma tocotrienol

48
Q

Functions of Vit E

A

Antioxidant

49
Q

Maximum tolerable levels of Vit E

A

540-970mg/ day

50
Q

Vit E toxicity

A

Negative effects on fat soluble vitamins
Exacerbates Vit K deficiency
Interferes with Vit A absorption

51
Q

Sources of Vit E

A

Vegetables oils - richest source
Nut and seeds

52
Q

Functions of Vit K

A

Blood clotting
Bone structure

53
Q

Which vitamins have rare deficiencies

A

E and K

54
Q

Vit K deficiency

A

Impaired blood clotting
Reduced bone density
Increase risk of fractures

55
Q

Why are newborns up to six weeks old given Vit K prophylaxis

A

Because they have low levels of vit k which puts them at risk of bleeding

56
Q

Bleeding disorder in newborns

A

Hemorrhage disease of the newborn know as Vit K deficiency bleeding in infancy

57
Q

Sources of dietary Vit K

A

Green leafy vegetables
Dairy products
Meat

58
Q

Which people need higher amounts of iron

A

Pregnancy
Teenage girls

59
Q

Adverse effects of iron

A

Generate oxygen free radicals

60
Q

Diseases that contribute to iron deficiency

A

Malaria
HIV/AIDS
Tuberculosis
Schistosomiasis
Hookworm infestation

61
Q

Iron deficiency

A

Delay normal infant motor function or mental function
Increase risk for preterm babies
Fatigue
Affects mental function in teens

62
Q

Major health concerns of iron deficiency

A

Poor pregnancy outcome
Impaired physical and cognitive development
Increased risk of mortality in children
Reduced work productivity in adults

63
Q

Two forms of iron

A

Haem
Nonhaem

64
Q

Predominant form of iron in diets

A

Nonhaem

65
Q

Most bioavailable form of iron

A

Haem iron

66
Q

Factors in food that affect absorption of nonhaem iron by binding it in the intestine

A

Phytate
Tannins
Fibre
Calcium

67
Q

Foods containing phytate

A

Cereals and Legumes

68
Q

Factors which improve iron absorption

A

Vitamin C
Meat

69
Q

Sources of iron

A

Liver
Red meat
Nuts
Eggs
Dried fruits
Poultry
Fish
Green left vegetables

70
Q

Main function of zinc

A

Cofactor

71
Q

Functions of zinc

A

Metabolic pathways of protein, lipid, carbohydrate and energy metabolism
Cell division
Catalyst
Immune system
Structure and function of skin
Wound healing
Enhances action of insulin

72
Q

Zinc deficiency in children

A

Growth retardation
Delayed sexual maturation
Infection susceptibility
Diarrhea

73
Q

Zinc deficiency

A

Delayed puberty and small stature
Interferes with copper metabolism

74
Q

Sources of zinc

A

Meat
Milk
Cheese
Eggs
Shellfish
Whole grain
Cereals
Nuts
Pulses

75
Q

Effects of iodine deficiency in pregnancy

A

Cretinism in the offspring
Stillbirth
Spontaneous abortion

76
Q

How May countries are still iodine deficient

A

54

77
Q

One of the main causes of impaired cognitive development in children

A

Iodine

78
Q

Function of fluoride

A

Minéralisation of bones and teeth

79
Q

Fluoride toxicity

A

Fluorosis

80
Q

Signs and symptoms of fluorosis

A

Crumbling of teeth

Calcification of ligaments and tendons
Muscle, joint and bone problems

81
Q

Sources of fluoride

A

Fluoridated water
Tea
Fish

PUBLIC HEALTH 2 (7 decks)

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