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History India > Theme 2 1920-1930 > Flashcards

Theme 2 1920-1930 Flashcards

1
Q

What year did Gandhi launch his second Satyagraha and why?

A

He launched it in 1920 in response to British repression in India

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2
Q

What is Satyagraha?

A

Satyagraha is a non violent form of protest that calls for non violent non cooperation.

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3
Q

What is a Hartal?

A

A form of strike used by Gandhi which included civil disobedience, hunger strikes, submission to physical violence, protest marches.

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4
Q

What was the aim of the 1920-1922 Satyagraha?

A

To achieve Swaraj (Autonomy from the British)

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5
Q

What Year was Gandhi elected as leader of the INC?

A

1920

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6
Q

What did Gandhi change about the INC during the first year of his presidency?

A

Changed the INC from being a bourgeoisie movement to more of a popular one rallying people from all sections of the Indian population - Mass politicisation

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7
Q

What is Ashram?

A

The belief that everyone should live in a community in a religious and spiritual manner

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8
Q

What is Swadeshi?

A

Swadeshi is the boycotting of British goods, Gandhi wanted India to be entirely reliant on itself.

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9
Q

How did the British respond to the Satyagrahar?

A

They responded with a heavy hand making a large number of arrests, lead to international condemnation and gave the INC the higher moral ground.

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10
Q

What Protests did Muslims engage in from 1919-1922?

A

The Khilifat movement was a series of protests against British policies against Turkey and the planned dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire. It was very much similar to Hartals in its operation.

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11
Q

How many people died in 1921 as a result of Satyagraha?

A

600 people died in 1921 with more deaths the following year.

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12
Q

Why was the Second Satyagraha called off?

A

Chauri Chaura incident on the 4th February 1922, 22 policemen killed after the police station is set alight and protestors block the exits.

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13
Q

How did Gandhi end the 2nd Satyagraha?

A

He ordered the INC to call off the Protests but they continued, he then did a fast unto death.

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14
Q

How many members did the INC have at the start of 1920 and how many did they have by 1922?

A

40000 1920
2 million 1922

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15
Q

Gandhi was arrested in 1922, how long was he sentenced for and how long did he actually stay in Prison?

A

He was sentenced for 6 years for sedition however only remained in prison for 2 years due to apendicitis

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16
Q

What happened in the INC during Gandhi’s abscense?

A

Two moderates got into power and toned down the anti British sentiment, INC expanded into other regions and consolidated their power.

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17
Q

What did Gandhi do once he was released from prison?

A

He toned down civil disobedience and instead focused on making the INC into an actual political party.

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18
Q

Outline the role of the congress working committee?

A

Created December 1920 at the Ndaypur congress, it was made up of 15 elected members from the congress, it centralised the command structure allowing for more organisation.

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19
Q

What was Gandhi’s back to basics campaign?

A

Called for a return to traditional living in India, e.g Ahimsa

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20
Q

Who were the three Young Hooligans and what did they believe in?

A

The three were Jawalhalal Nehru, Chandra Bose and Narayan, they called for Purna Swaraj however initially they were brushed aside.

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21
Q

What was the Nehru report and when was it written?

A

The Nehru report was written by Motilal Nehru in 1928 and called for dominion status as well as a federal system being set up in India.

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22
Q

What was Jinnah’s response to the Nehru report?

A

Jinnah criticised it for not mentioning Muslims.

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23
Q

What was the British response to the Nehru report?

A

Britain ignored the Nehru report.

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24
Q

What was the INC response to the Nehru report at the Lahore congress in December 1929?

A

Initially the INC had supported the Nehru report however as the Young Hooligans had rose to prominence many began to call for Purna Swaraj.

25
Q

Who became leader of the INC? 1929

A

Jawalaharl Nehru Was elected president of the INC, he called for Purna Swaraj rather than Dominion Status.

26
Q

What did the INC announce the 26th of January 1930 as?

A

Independence day.

27
Q

What was the Salt tax?

A

It was a tax placed on the purchase of salt. It had a similar feel to the Tea Tax and therefore created international sympathy for India.

28
Q

What was the aim of the Salt March?

A

To bring all Indians together over a common issue this being tax placed on buying Salt.

29
Q

When did the Salt March take place from?

A

12th March 1930 - 5th April 1930.

30
Q

How many people took part in the Salt March?

A

60000 people joined the March

31
Q

Why did Jinnah drift away from the INC in the early 1920s?

A

He disagreed with the Hindu revivalism being promoted by Gandhi, he also believed that working with the British would be a much more effective method in achieving independence and therefore he opposed civil disobedience.

32
Q

What was Jinnah’s intention in regards to the Muslim League?

A

Provide Muslims who made up 25% of the Indian population with a voice

33
Q

What was Jinnah’s strategy of cooperation with the British?

A

Jinnah aimed to operate within the constitution of the 1919 Government of India act

34
Q

What was the Khilifat movement?

A

The Khilifat movement formed in response to the removal of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire by British and French forces.

35
Q

What was Jinnah’s view of the Khilifat movement?

A

Jinnah didn’t support the movement as it engaged in civil disobedience however Gandhi supported it.

36
Q

What was the Tanzeem and Tabligh movement?

A

This movement put a religious leader in every Muslim settlement to encourage preaching and strengthen religious communities.

37
Q

What had led to the increased tensions between Hindu’s and Muslims?

A

The two groups had engaged in violence against each other in the 2nd Satyagrahar as mass politicisation had led to awareness of their differences.

38
Q

H

What did Jinnah call for in the early stages?

A

Fair representation for Muslims within India.

39
Q

Why did Jinnah attempt Rapprochement in 1927?

A

In order to bridge the gap between Hindus and Muslims and create a United front against the British

40
Q

What was the result of the 1927 Delhi Congress?

A

The INC and ML agreed to a single electorate providing that provinces be redrawn and 1/3 of seats in a future parliament go to Muslims

41
Q

Why did Jinnah reject the Nehru Report in 1928

A

It had made no mention of Muslims as the INC now saw Hindus and Muslims as a united front.

42
Q

What aspects of the 14 points were reasonable?

A

All religious groups had the right to practice their religion. Protections should be put in place for Muslim culture

43
Q

What aspects of the 14 points were not reasonable.

A

The Muslim representation within a future parliament should be one third despite Muslims making up less than one third of the population

44
Q

Why did Jinnah reject Satyagrahar

A

He believed self rule would be more likely through cooperation with the British, He also believed that Satyagrahar was too Hindu focused.

45
Q

Why did Jinnah leave for Britain in 1929?

A

Became a lawyer after the INC rejected the 14 points, believed he could raise awareness for the Muslim cause in the UK

46
Q

Why did the separateness between Hindus and Muslims increase further?

A

The INC planned to make the official language of India Hindi instead of Urdu as well as rejecting the 1/3 of seats meaning that many Muslims felt that their voice was being drowned out.

47
Q

How did Britain respond to the 2nd Satyagrahar?

A

They responded with a heavy handed approach leading to mass arrests and international criticism

48
Q

What did Lord Reading offer in 1921?

A

He offered total provincial autonomy at local level

49
Q

Why did Gandhi reject Reading’s offer?

A

He believed that full local control was not far enough as they still hadn’t offered dominion status.

50
Q

Why did the Conservative party want to maintain control of India?

A

They believed that India would fall into chaos after a British withdrawal due to the lack of governmental organisation there.

51
Q

When was the Simon commision?

A

November 1927

52
Q

What was the Simon commission?

A

It was an attempt by the Conservative government to review the 1919 government of India act.

53
Q

How did Indians react to the commission?

A

Hindus and Muslims chose to boycott it however members of smaller groups such as Sikhs and Anglo Christians spoke with the commission therefore giving them a voice.

54
Q

How did Labour view the situation in India?

A

Being a socialist party the Labour party wanted India to receive more autonomy

55
Q

What did Viceroy Irwin state in October 1929?

A

India would receive dominion status at some point in the 1930’s

56
Q

How did Indians respond to the Irwin declaration?

A

Began calling for Purna Swaraj

57
Q

What was the Gandhi Irwin pact?

A

Gandhi agreed to call off the salt march in return for the release of all political prisoners and the legalisation of congress.

58
Q

When was the Gandhi Irwin pact signed ?

A

5th March 1931

History India (4 decks)

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