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GCSE Biology > Chapter 16 - Adaptations, interdependence + competition. > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Adaptations, interdependence + competition. Flashcards

1
Q

Define Habitat

A

The place where an organism lives.

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2
Q

Define Population

A

All the organisms of the same species living together in a habitat.

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3
Q

Define Community

A

All the populations of different species living together in a habitat.

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4
Q

Define Biotic factor

A

Living factors of an ecosystem.

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5
Q

Define Abiotic factor

A

Non-living factors of an ecosystem.

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6
Q

Define Ecosystem

A

The interaction of a community of living organisms (biotic elements) with the non-living parts (abiotic elements) with their environment.

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7
Q

Define Interdependence

A

The dependence of different organisms on each other for survival.

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8
Q

State 5 examples of Interdependence

A
  • Plants depending on animals for seed dispersal (through faeces).
  • Plants depending on animals for nutrients (from faeces).
  • Plants depending on bees for pollination.
  • Animals depending on plants (e.g trees) for shelter.
  • Animals depending on plants for food.
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9
Q

In an ecosystem, what is the source of energy and how is it transferred through an ecosystem?

A

The source of energy is the Sun. It is transferred through an ecosystem as one organism eats another.

(Link to food chains in B17).

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10
Q

State 5 examples of interdependence of organisms in an ecosystem.

A
  • Herbivores depending on plants for food.
  • Animals depending on plants for shelter.
  • Plants depending on herbivores for seed dispersal through faeces.
  • Plants depending on animals for nutrients, from decay and faeces.
  • Plants depending on bees for pollination.
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11
Q

State why Interdependence is important - linking it to the increase or decrease of species and the consequence.

A
  • Interdependence is important for the survival of organisms.
  • To survive and reproduce, organisms require a supply of materials from their surroundings, and from the other organisms living there.
  • If there is an increase or decrease in abiotic or biotic factors the number of species in a population will also be affected.
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12
Q

What is meant by a ‘Stable community’?

A

A community where the abiotic factors and biotic factors are in balance, so the population sizes remain fairly constant.

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13
Q

State the main effect of a stable community on population size.

A
  • Population sizes of each species remains fairly constant.
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14
Q

Give three examples of stable communities.

A
  • Wooded Oaklands
  • Coral reef
  • Tropical rainforest
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15
Q

State the levels of organisation in an ecosystem.

A

(smallest - largest)

  • Individual organism.
  • Population.
  • Community.
  • Ecosystem.
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16
Q

Define competition.

A

When organisms compete with each other for the same resources.

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17
Q

Give 4 resources that ANIMALS compete for and why.

A
  • Mates (reproduction)
  • Food (survival, to reproduce)
  • Territory (to reproduce, to keep and protect other resources they may have competed for, habitat)
  • Water (survival, reproduction)
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18
Q

Give 4 resources that plants compete for and why.

A
  • Nutrients/Mineral ions (energy survival, to produce healthy seeds for reproduction).
  • Water (survival - photosynthesis to make food, to keep their tissues rigid).
  • Space (for growth, need enough space for roots to absorb water + mineral ions, and also for leaves to absorb sunlight)
  • Light (needed for photosynthesis to make food to survive).
19
Q

State 3 factors that make an animal a successful competitor.

A
  • Ability to breed successfully.
  • Good fitness and healthy.
  • Well adapted to finding food.
20
Q

State a reason why ANIMALS may avoid competition with OTHER species.

A
  • They may not know the other species weaknesses.
21
Q

State a way at which animals may avoid competition with OTHER species.

A
  • By eating different foods to them, (so they don’t have to compete with them for food).
22
Q

State why parent plants may be in direct competition with their offspring.

A

research.

23
Q

State 4 way that plants are adapted to cope with competition

A
  • Some plants (near trees e.g in woodlands) may flower earlier on in the year, while tree branches are bare, allowing their leaves to capture more sunlight.
  • Different sized roots - some shallower roots, to absorb mineral ions + water from soil surface, some roots that go deeper, to absorb mineral ions from deeper parts of the soil.
24
Q

State why plants avoid direct competition with their SEEDLINGS.

A
25
Q

State and explain the three main factors that plants rely on for seed dispersal.

A
26
Q

State 2 adaptation plants may have for seed dispersal.

A
27
Q

Describe how you could investigate the effect of competition on plant growth.

A
28
Q

State and explain the biotic factors affecting a community.

A
29
Q

Define adaptation

A

Features that enable organisms to survive in an environment which it they normally live in.

30
Q

State and define the three categories that adaptations fall into.

A
  • Behavioural adaptations, relating to how an organism behaves.
  • Structural adaptations, relating to the shape or colour of an organism.
  • Functional adaptations , relating to the biological process of an organism.
31
Q

Give 3 examples of structural adaptations.

A
32
Q

Give 2 examples of functional adaptations.

A
33
Q

Give 3 examples of behavioural adaptations.

A
34
Q

What are the 2 main reasons for adaptations in plants and animals?

A
  • Food ; (photosynthesis in plants to produce food + Looking and eating food in animals)
  • Reproduction ; (through pollination in plants + Courting/attracting mates in animals)
35
Q

How can you tell what a mammal eats?

A

Looking at the shape of it teeth.

36
Q

What are the features of the teeth of a carnivore and why?

A

Sharper and more defined, for eating and tearing meat.

37
Q

What are the features of the teeth of a herbivore and why?

A

Strong flat molars, teeth that are made for grinding plants.

38
Q

Define extremophile.

A

Organisms that live in environments that are very extreme.

39
Q

State 3 conditions that extremophiles are adapted to living in.

A
  • High pressures.
  • High temperatures.
  • High salt concentration.
40
Q

Give an example of an extremophile.

A

Bacteria which live in deep sea vents, where there are high pressures and high temperature.

41
Q

State why a stable community is important.

A
42
Q

Define intraspecific competition.

A

Competition between organisms of the same species, for a common resource.

43
Q

Define interspecific competition.

A

Competition between organisms of different species, for a common resource.

GCSE Biology (10 decks)

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