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GCSE Biology > Chapter 11 - Hormonal coordination > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Hormonal coordination Flashcards

1
Q

How many communication systems does the human body have and what are they?

A

2.
- The Nervous System
- The Endocrine System

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2
Q

What is the Endocrine System?

A

A system composed of glands that secrete chemicals called hormones into the bloodstream, which carries these hormones to target organs, to have an effect.

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3
Q

What do the cell membranes of target organs have, that aids hormonal response in cells.

A
  • Target organs have receptors on their cell membranes.
  • These receptors detect the the hormone molecules carried to them by the blood.
  • The detection triggers a response to occur in the cell.
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4
Q

Define ‘Endocrine Gland’

A

A gland that produces and secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream, to result in an effect.

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5
Q

State the 5 glands in a female and describe their function.

A
  • Pituitary Gland:
    Master gland that secretes hormones into the bloodstream to have an effect on the body, OR, to act on other glands in order to stimulate them to produce and secrete different hormones.
  • Thyroid:
    Secretes THYROXINE, and controls body’s Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), heart rate, involved in growth and temperature.
  • Adrenal Gland:
    Secretes ADRENALINE and is involved in ‘‘fight or flight’’ response (the body’s response to stressful situations).
  • Pancreas:
    Secretes INSULIN, and controls the blood glucose levels.
  • Ovaries:
    Secretes OESTROGEN, and is involved in the menstrual cycle, and the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics, during puberty.
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6
Q

State the gland in a male, that a female doesn’t have and describe its function.

A

Testes. It secretes testosterone and controls sperm production and is involved in the development of male secondary sexual characteristics, during puberty.

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7
Q

Label the glands.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fquizlet.com%2F241445125%2Fgcse-biology-aqa-1-9-hormonal-coordination-diagram%2F&psig=AOvVaw3SleOKsD6sVHhTtWK0zRYl&ust=1692704104629000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CA4QjRxqFwoTCJDJ5ebU7YADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

A

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmmerevise.co.uk%2Fgcse-biology-revision%2Fendocrine-system%2F&psig=AOvVaw3SleOKsD6sVHhTtWK0zRYl&ust=1692704104629000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CA4QjRxqFwoTCJDJ5ebU7YADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAH

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8
Q

State 2 similarities between The Nervous System and The Endocrine System.

A
  • They are both communication systems.
  • They both use chemicals to transmit messages/send signals around the body.
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9
Q

State 2 differences between The Nervous System and The Endocrine System.

A
  • Nervous system is very fast in action/response. Endocrine system is slow in action/response.
  • Nerves in nervous system act for a short time. Hormones in Endocrine system act for a long(er) time.
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10
Q

Define ‘‘secondary sexual characteristics’’

A

The different features that develop during puberty to distinguish male from female.

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11
Q

Define Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

A

The number of energy kilojoules the body needs to stay alive.

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12
Q

What is the Pituitary Gland also known as?

A

The Master Gland

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13
Q

State 2 hormones that give a rapid response.

A
  • Insulin
  • Adrenaline
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14
Q

State 2 types of hormones that give a slower response.

A
  • Sex hormones
  • Growth hormones
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15
Q

State why glucose in the blood must be kept constant, within a certain limit.

A

as it is used and needed by cells for respiration.

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16
Q

What gland controls blood glucose concentration?

A

Pancreas.

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17
Q

Explain what happens when blood glucose level is too high.

A
  • Pancreas produces insulin.
  • Insulin binds to cells in cells in target organs (muscles and liver).
  • This stimulates glucose to diffuse from the blood into the muscle cells, which is used for respiration.
  • The excess glucose will be converted to as an insoluble super called glycogen and stored in the liver, causing glucose levels in blood to decrease.
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18
Q

Explain what happens when blood glucose level is too low.

A
  • Pancreas secretes a hormone called glucagon.
  • Glucagon binds to target organs such as the liver and muscles.
  • The excess glucose stored as glycogen in the liver is broken down into glucose.
  • This is released into the bloodstream causing glucose levels in blood to rise.
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19
Q

State and explain 2 factors that may cause blood glucose levels to increase too high.

A
  • Eating simple carbs (sugars).
  • Lack of exercise because glucose won’t be used up during respiration.
20
Q

State and explain 1 factor that may cause blood glucose levels to decrease too low.

A
  • Rigorous exercise (glucose will be used up by blood cells for cellular respiration).
21
Q

Explain how glucagon interacts with insulin in a negative feedback cycle to control blood glucose levels in the body.

A
  • Glucagon and insulin work in a negative feedback loop to maintain a constant blood glucose level (for cellular respiration).
  • When blood glucose conc. increases/decreases, a hormone is secreted from the pancreas to counteract the change.
  • This does not occur concomitantly.
22
Q

What is the cause of diabetes - (cause means reason why it occurs, not risk factor.)?

A

Diabetes is caused due to the lack of control of blood glucose levels (unstable levels), by the pancreas.

23
Q

State what is meant by Type 1 diabetes.

A

Pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin to reduce blood glucose levels, so they remain high.

24
Q

State and explain 3 treatments (methods to control B.G.L) for Type 1 diabetes.

A
  • Insulin injections.
  • Controlling diet by limiting simple carbs intake.
  • Exercise to use glucose during respiration.
25
Q

State a method used by doctors to cure Type 1 diabetes.

A
  • Pancreas transplants.
26
Q

Describe the advantages of pancreas transplants.

A
  • If successful, can cure diabetes.
  • Means type 1 diabetics no longer need to take insulin injection daily.
  • usually successful.
27
Q

Describe the disadvantages of pancreas transplants.

A
  • Still has to take immunosuppressants daily so body doesn’t reject organ.
  • Difficult and complicated.
  • There are limited donors
28
Q

What is meant by Type 2 diabetes.

A

When the body cells become resistant/no longer respond to insulin, eg cells in target organs when insulin binds to them.

This causes blood sugar levels to be rise to a fatal amount.

29
Q

State risk factors linked to Type 2 diabetes.

A
  • Obesity
  • Old age
30
Q

Why is obesity a risk factor in Type 2 diabetes.

A

exercise less = less glucose used in cellular respiration = more glucose in blood

31
Q

Why is old age a risk factor in Type 2 diabetes.

A

exercise less = less glucose used in cellular respiration = more glucose in blood.

32
Q

State the first three methods used to treat Type 2 diabetes.

A
  • Weight loss
  • Exercise
  • Balanced diet + control of simple carb intake
33
Q

State and explain the 3 types of drugs used to treat Type 2 diabetes, if the first three methods don’t work.

A

Take drugs that either:

  • reduce amount of glucose absorbed by blood from gut.
  • Make insulin work more effectively on cells.
  • Makes pancreas produce more insulin.
34
Q

State what could be used to treat Type 2 diabetes if none of the methods previously said work.

A
  • Insulin injections.
35
Q

What are the two methods used to treat infertility?

A
  • Fertility drugs.
  • In-vitro fertilisation (IVF)
36
Q

How do fertility drugs treat fertility?

A
  • LH + FSH is in the drug consumed by woman.
  • When she takes this, FSH stimulates egg to mature, and LH stimulates egg to be released (ovulation).
  • Now, the woman can become pregnant naturally.
37
Q

How does IVF treat fertility.

A
  • The woman is given LH and FSH.
  • FSH stimulates egg to mature, and LH stimulates egg to be released.
  • Eggs are now collected and placed in a Petri dish and fertilised by sperm.
  • If the father has a low sperm count ICSI (intra cytoplasmic sperm injection) can fertilise the eggs, by injecting a small needle containing sperm into the eggs.
  • The fertilised eggs is left in an incubator which contains optimum conditions for enzyme activity for growth, for eggs to develop into embryos.
  • Embryos are then collected an implanted back into the woman’s uterus lining.
38
Q

What are the benefits of IVF?

A

It provides a way for infertile couples to have children.

39
Q

What are then disadvantages of IVF?

A
  • Physically demanding: woman may get sick because of reaction to hormones.
  • Expensive on individuals involved or NHS.
  • May not always work, 26% success rate (1/4) in UK.
  • May result in multiple births due to 2-3 embryos being implanted.
40
Q

Ethical issues surrounding IVF.

A
  • It may lead to designer babies. Because of very advanced microscopes, scientists can see characteristics of embryos + genetic diseases etc.
  • Many believe that embryos = potential life. So the unused ones go to waste which could have been a potential human.
41
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

amount of energy expended by an organism in a given time period.

42
Q

What is the purpose adrenaline, and when is it secreted?

A

Adrenaline is a hormone secreted by the pancreas. The purpose is to increase awareness to make you react quickly, as it prepares the body for flight or fright mode.

43
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline?

A
  • Heart and breathing rate increases.
  • Rate of blood flow increases (to digestive system, heart and muscles).
  • Glucose levels is increased in blood.
  • Pupils dilate.
44
Q

True or false, adrenaline secretion works in a negative feedback cycle?

A

False

45
Q

What happens to adrenaline levels in the blood once the danger is over?

A

They decrease.

46
Q

State 3 secondary sexual characteristics in males.

A
47
Q

State 3 secondary sexual characteristitics in

A

GCSE Biology (12 decks)

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