Events and Publications

Question 1

Description

Answer 1

Purpose, Creator

Question 2

Musica Enchiriadis

Answer 2

• contains the earliest examples of notated polyphony is Western art music (Organum)
• believed that this was for theorists and not used in performance, as the notation was specific, including parallel organum
• anonymous, like many other publications of the time

Question 3

Notre Dame School

Answer 3

• the only two names mentioned are Leonin and Perotin, calling them the best composers of organum
• it produced the earlist polyphonic music

Question 4

Bramberg Codex

Answer 4

A manuscript consisting of two treatises on music theory and a collection of 13th-century polyphonic works. Useful for understanding the style of notation that was developing at this time

Question 5

Magnus Liber Organi (The Great book of Organum)

Answer 5

A book written by Leonin and later by his successor Perotin. It was a compilation of many organums and masses, and was used by the Notre Dame school

Question 6

Chansonnier du Roi (King’s songbook)

Answer 6

It is a prominent songbook, compiling troubadour and trouvere manuscripts

Question 7

Franco-Flemish School (The Dutch School or The Netherlanders)

Answer 7

A group of composers who flourished in the 15-16th centuries

• they created imitative vocal polyphony
• known for vocal polyphony and highly developed contrapuntal style, particularly in the motet and Mass
• leading figures include Josquin des Prez

Question 8

The Protestant Reformation

Answer 8

16th century Christian reform movement in Europe led by Martin Luther
- resulted in formation of many new Protestant denominations and churches

Question 9

Martin Luther

Answer 9

A German priest that protested against the Roman Catholic Churches with the Ninety-Five Theses.

Question 10

The Counter-Reformation

Answer 10

Catholic Churches reaction to the Protestant Reformation to win back support and regain political power and authority.
- response includes convening the Council of Trent

Question 11

Council of Trent

Answer 11

A series of meetings of the highest Catholic Church officials.
- condemned “Protestant Heresies” and reaffirmed the doctrines of Catholicism

Question 12

Sixth Book of Madrigals | “Sesto libro di Madrigali” in Italian

Answer 12

Book by Carlo Gesualdo displaying 6 madrigals

Question 12

Musica Transalpina |Latin for “Music from Beyond the Alps”

Answer 12

A collection of madrigals written in English compiled by Nicholas Yonge
- represents the first printed collection of Italian madrigals in England
- first volume contains 57 pieces of Italian madrigals in England

Question 12

Fitzwilliam Virginal Book

Answer 12

A historically significant collection of English keyboard music dating from the early 17th century.
- named after Viscount Fitzwilliam, who generously donated the manuscript to Cambridge University in 1816
- variety of styles, including dances, fantasias, preludes, arrangements of songs and madrigals, and variations
- includes “The King’s Hunt”, “The Ghost” and “The Carman’s Whistle”
- idiomatic approach to keyboard writing and virtuosic style of writing

Question 12

Florentine Camerata

Answer 12

A group of intellectuals, poets, and musicians who met in Florence, Italy, in the last decades of the 16th century; members included Giulio Caccini, Jacopo Peri, and Vincenzo Galilei; their desire to recreate ancient Greek drama led to the inventions of opera
- developed monody

Question 12

Viennese School

Answer 12

Vienna was a leading cosmopolitan center in the late 18th century. This vibrant city attracted the leading artists, architects, writers, and musicians of the day. The music of the Classical era is best represented by the work of three great composers: Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven

Question 12

Sturm Und Drang

Answer 12

A late 18th century literary movement emerged in Germany. It was characterized by works containing a high level of emotion and dealing with the individual’s revolt against conventional society

• German for “Storm and Stress”
• Artistic aim was to frighten, shock, or otherwise overwhelm the reader with emotion
• musically, it translated into passionate outbursts with emphasis on minor keys

Question 13

Mannheim School

Answer 13

The court orchestra of the Elector Palatine Theodore became known across Europe for its high level of performance and innovative orchestral techniques. It inspired the work of many composers of the symphony and as a result contributed to the early evolution and development of the genre

• Known for its precision in performance, wide dynamic range, and dramatic effects
• developed the orchestral crescendo, rocket theme, and the grand pause, where the full orchestra stops
• the basso continuo was often replaced with written orchestral parts

Question 14

Gluck and Operatic Reform

Answer 14

Christoph Willibald Gluck occupies an important place in the history of the opera because of the reforms he introduced. Gluck’s primary goal was to restore dramatic integrity to opera. He believed that the music should serve the poetry.

• restoration of the chorus (long absent from Italian opera) by making it an integral part of the dramatic action
• minimizing the contrast between recitative and aria by frequently composing in an arioso style
• rejection of empty displays of virtuosity in favor of “beautiful simplicity”