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Biology 100 > Week 2 Lectures > Flashcards

Week 2 Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

What are atoms made of?

A

Protons, electrons, and neutrons.

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2
Q

Chemistry is the study of ____.

A

Matter.

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3
Q

Matter is ______.

A

Anything that occupies space.

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4
Q

What are the vertical columns on a periodic table called?

A

Groups

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5
Q

What are the horizontal rows on the periodic table called?

A

Periods

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6
Q

What are the three groups of elemental classification?

A

Major elements, minor elements, and trace elements.

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7
Q

What languages are elements titled by?

A

English and Latin

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8
Q

What is an Atom?

A

Smallest unit of an element in its purest form.

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9
Q

What are protons neutrons and electrons called?

A

Subatomic particles.

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10
Q

What is the nucleus of an atom surrounded by?

A

An electron cloud.

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11
Q

What’s a dalton?

A

A unit for measuring the weight of subatomic particles.

Proton - 1 dalton
Neutron - 1 dalton
Electron - 1/2000 of a dalton (negligible)

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12
Q

In an atom, what is the mass determined by?

A

The size of the nucleus.

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13
Q

Atomic symbol?

A

ONe or two letters in latin or english like Be, O, Na, H etc.

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14
Q

How to find Atomic number?

A

Ask How many protons does this atom have?

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15
Q

How to find atomic mass?

A

Protons + Neutrons

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16
Q

How to find # of electrons in an electrically neutral atom?

A

Number of protons = number of electrons

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17
Q

Isotopes have a different number of neutrons. How do you figure this out?

A

Look at the number of neutrons. They will have a different number than others.

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18
Q

What is an unstable isotope called?

A

Radioisotopes.

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19
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity to do work.

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20
Q

What are the two forms of energy?

A

Potential energy (stored energy)
Kinetic energy (energy that is used in motion)

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21
Q

How is potential energy transferred to kinetic?

A

Energy is transferred between atoms through chemical bonds because atoms want to be stable.

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22
Q

What happens to atoms with incomplete outer shells?

A

They are very unstable.

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23
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

The attractive force that holds two or more atoms together.

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24
Q

3 kinds of chemical bonds:

A

Covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds.

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25
Q

Covalent bonds can be classified into two types. What are they?

A

Polar covalent bonds
Nonpolar covalent bonds

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26
Q

What is an ion?

A

An electrically charged atom.

27
Q

Ionic compounds are ___ in size.

A

small

28
Q

A hydrogen bond is formed between ____ molecules.

A

Polar

29
Q

Rank the strength levels of covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds.

A

Covalent - strong
Ionic - Moderate
Hydrogen - Weak

30
Q

what is an inorganic compound?

A

They typically lack carbon and hydrogen combination together.

31
Q

Any compound without hydrogen and carbon together is an ___ ____.

A

Inorganic Compound

32
Q

Organic Compound

A

Hydrogen and Carbon are found together in this compound

33
Q

Water is important because?

A

Water molecules are polar

Water is liquid at body temperature

It can flow easily and transport molecules

It can break and form continually

It can take three forms: liquid, solid, and gas.

Water can absorb and hold heat

Water helps regulate body temperature

Water is a biological solvent

34
Q

What is a solvent?

A

Liquid in which other substances dissolve.
Water is a biological substance.

35
Q

What is a solute?

A

That which is dissolved into a solvent.

36
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Refers to nonpolar neutral molecules that do not interact with or dissolve in water.
Nonpolar compounds are neutral.

37
Q

Generally, water is ___.

A

Neutral.

However, when some compounds are suspended in water they generate an imbalance in the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxl ions.

38
Q

What is the difference between acids and bases when they contact water?

A

Acids: donate hydrogen ions (protons), increase hydrogen ion concentration in solutions.

Bases: Accept hydrogen ions (protons), lower hydrogen ion concentration in solutions.

39
Q

What is the pH scale?

A

A scale of measuring the hydrogen ion concentration in a substance.
It ranges from 0-14.
0-6 is acidic, 7 is neutral, 8-14 is base.

40
Q

Any drastic change in the pH condition of the living environment _____ the cell.

A

Damages.

Buffers are chemicals that regulate the acid-base balance. Your kidneys and lungs do this.

41
Q

Carbon can build ___ or ____ molecules

A

micro or macro

42
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

Removes equivalent of a water molecule to link molecular units. This requires energy and ultimately builds macromolecules from smaller subunits.

43
Q

What is Hydrolysis?

A

This ADDS the equivalent of a water molecule to break apart macromolecules. This releases energy.

44
Q

What are organic molecuels?

A

Molecules found in all living cells.
These include Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, and/or Phosphorus.
These come from large molecules (macromolecules).

45
Q

Your body uses ____ to store energy.

A

Carbohydrates.

46
Q

Carbohydrates can be studied as ____, ____, and ____.

A

Monosaccharides, Dissacharides, Polysaccharides.

47
Q

Lipids are ___ in water

A

insoluble

48
Q

Should you eat unsaturated or saturated fatty acids?

A

Unsaturated

49
Q

Proteins are what?

A

Long chains (polymers) of subinits called AMINO ACIDS?

50
Q

What makes one amino acid different from another?

A

They have varying R groups

51
Q

How is a polymer of amino acids formed?

A

Peptide bonds which are produced by dehydration synthesis.

52
Q

Function of a protein depends on what 4 structures?

A

Primary structure - amino acid sequence

Secondary structure -
Alpha helix, beta pletated sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds.

Tertiary structure, three dimensional shape, stabilized by disulfide bond.

This creates polar and nonpolar areas in a molecule.

Quaternary structure
-Two or more polypeptide chains are associated.

53
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Permanent disruption of protein structure.

This can be caused by extreme temperatures or changes in pH level.

54
Q

Job of enzymes

A

Generate new molecules that are essential for the cell.
They function as a mediator in a chemical reaction.

Enzymes themself dont change, but they make reactants into products.

Without enzymes, no biochemical reactions would take place.

Enzymes make things go fast.

55
Q

The function of an enzyme is dependant on?

A

Temperature
pH
Ion concentration
Presence of inhibitors

56
Q

Nucleic Acids
(Found in nucleus of cell)
What they made of?

A

Nucleotides

57
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

Nucleotides are building blocks of nucleic acids.

They contain:
Nitrogenous base
Phosphate group
5 carbon sugar

for DNA, there is a sugar called deoxyribose.

for RNA there is a sugar called ribose

58
Q

Structure of DNA?

A

Double stranded helical structure.
Repeating patterns of nucleotides.
Nitrogenous bases are present as well.
adenine
guanine
cytosine
and thymine

59
Q

The backbone of DNA is built from?

A

alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

60
Q

RNA structure

A

single stranded and built from nucleotides that contain:
-ribose sugar
-phosphate
-nitrogenous bases
-Adenine
-Guanine
-Cytosine
-Uracil

WHAT IT DO? RNA has message to make a protein.

61
Q

Flow of info?

A

DNA > RNA > PROTEIN

62
Q

Each cell has multiple pairs of what?

A

Chromosomes.
Each cell has multiple pairs of chromosomes
Each chromosome stores info to message to make proteins.
Each message is called a gene
Each message is transcribed to make mRNA
Each mRNA has message to make a protein
Each protein is responsible to conduct a cellular function.

63
Q

ONe form of nucleotide supplies energy. What is it?

A

ATP -adenosine-triphosphate

This is a universal source of usable energy.

64
Q

What is the ATP cycle?

A

Energy is released
-breaking the bonds between the second and third phosphate.
At the same time
-ATP is generated by incorporating energy and forming a bond between the second and third phosphate.

This is a reversible reaction.

Biology 100 (19 decks)

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