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Medical Renaissance Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the Renaissance

A

Cultural movement where people questioned accepted truths and experimented with new ideas

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2
Q

The Medical Renaissance refers to…

A

A period when new ideas were beginning to influence medicine

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3
Q

Between which years was the Renaissance period

A

1500-1700

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4
Q

Which event in 1533 reduced the influence of the Church?

A

The English Reformation

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5
Q

What was humanism?

A

Movement that promoted a return to classical thinking and extending human knowledge + understanding of the world

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6
Q

What cause of disease did physicians no longer believe in, but the public did?

A

Four Humours

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7
Q

Who created microscopes, allowing first bacteria sighting?

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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8
Q

What was bacteria initially referred to?

A

Animalcules

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9
Q

What was Thomas Sydenham’s nickname?

A

The English Hippocrates

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10
Q

What 2 things did Sydenham suggest were important when diagnosing?

A

Closely observing the symptoms
Treating the disease that caused them

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11
Q

Which two diseases did Sydenham identify as separate diseases?

A

Measles and scarlet fever

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12
Q

Which textbook did Sydenham publish?

A

Observationes Medicae

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13
Q

Sydenham’s textbook became the standard medical textbook for how long?

A

Two centuries

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14
Q

When was the printing press invented?

A

1440

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15
Q

When was the Royal Society formed?

A

1660

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16
Q

What did King Charles II give the Royal Society in 1662?

A

A royal charter

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17
Q

Why was the royal charter important for the Royal Society?

A

Gave them credibility

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18
Q

What was the name of the scientific journal the Royal Society published?

A

Philosophical Transactions

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19
Q

What was transference?

A

New renaissance treatment that believed a disease could be moved on to something else

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20
Q

During the Renaissance many new herbs came from where?

A

New World / the Americas

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21
Q

The growth of alchemy, led by _____, led to which type of treatments?

A

Paracelsus
Chemical cures

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22
Q

Why did people take small doses of antimony?

A

To sweat

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23
Q

Why did bathing become less popular?

A

Syphilis had spread through bathhouses

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24
Q

What happened to homeowners that didn’t clean the street outside their home?

A

They were fined

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25
Q

What was a punishment for minor criminals, that aimed to prevent miasma?

A

Removing sewage / cleaning streets

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26
Q

What did surgeons + apothecaries need to practice their trade?

A

A license

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27
Q

What were apothecaries organised into during their training?

A

A guild system

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28
Q

What did trainee physicians have more access to?

A

Medical textbooks

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29
Q

What were individual copies of anatomy pictures called?

A

Fugitive sheets

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30
Q

Which 1536 event led to the closure of many hospitals?

A

Dissolution of the monasteries

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31
Q

Which new type of hospital catered only for people suffering from plague?

A

Plague houses

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32
Q

How many errors did Vesalius find in Galen’s work on anatomy?

A

300

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33
Q

When did Andreas Vesalius publish his book?

A

1543

34
Q

What was Vesalius’s book called?

A

On the Fabric of the Human Body

35
Q

Why was Vesalius able to carry out lots of human dissections?

A

He was able to use the bodies of executed criminals

36
Q

What did Vesalius discover about the jawbone?

A

It was one bone not two

37
Q

Who disproved Galen’s work on the circulatory system?

A

William Harvey

38
Q

Which piece of technology inspired research on the heart?

A

Mechanical water pumps

39
Q

Why did better anatomical understanding have a limited impact?

A

Didn’t affect causes or treatments; was purely theoretical

40
Q

When did the Great Plague arrive in England?

A

1665

41
Q

How many died of the Great Plague in London?

A

100,000

42
Q

What method was used to treat the plague by those who believed in transference?

A

Strapping a chicken to the buboes

43
Q

Why did physicians wear masks full of herbs during the Great Plague?

A

To protect against miasma

44
Q

What type of fake doctor took advantage of the plague by selling fake cures?

A

Quack doctor

45
Q

Which three animals did the government order to be killed to prevent the spread of the plague?

A

Cats, dogs and pigeons :(

46
Q

What impacts did the printing press have?

A

Information more widely available and books became cheaper
Increased literacy rates
Church no longer controlled books

47
Q

Who was Thomas Sydenham?

A

A well respected doctor in London in the 1660s and 1670s

48
Q

Sydenham theorised that diseases could be organised into…

A

Different groups

49
Q

Sydenham encouraged his students to…

A

Observe their patients
Create detailed records of symptoms
Treat the disease identified - treatments not based on the humours

50
Q

What was Sydenham’s approach to treating smallpox, instead of the popular “sweating” method?

A

Prescribed airy bedrooms, light blankets and cold drinks

51
Q

What treatment for malaria did Sydenham popularise?

A

Cinchona bark
(Contains quinine which is still used to treat malaria today)

52
Q

What was the aim of the Royal Society?

A

To promote and carry out experiments to further the understanding of science

53
Q

What was the Royal Society’s motto?

A

“Nullius in verba”
(“Take nobody’s word for it”)

54
Q

The Royal Society offered funding for…
And encouraged it’s members to write their reports in…

A

Translations of European scientific texts
English not Latin, and in straightforward language to make it accessible

55
Q

Herbal remedies continued to be popular - how did their use change slightly?

A

Chosen for their colour or shape
Eg yellow herbs like saffron used to treat jaundice

56
Q

What was the standard treatment for syphilis and who was it popularised by?

A

Mercury (despite being toxic)
Paracelsus

57
Q

Why did surgeons still have a low success rate?

A

Continued problems of infection, blood loss and pain

58
Q

Explain why there were changes in the way ideas about the causes of illness were communicated in the period
You may use: the printing press, the Royal Society

A

Paragraph 1: changes due to printing press becoming widely used, ideas could be spread quickly + freely, scientists could build on each others’ ideas
Paragraph 2: creation of Royal Society encouraged scientists / doctors to prove and disprove ideas, doctors able to theorise about possible causes
Paragraph 3: key figure eg Vesalius, Harvey, Sydenham

59
Q

How did treatments change or remain the same in the Renaissance period

A

Public still believed in 4 humours, many treatments still including bleeding, purging or sweating
Herbal remedies still popular, but now chosen for colour or shape
New herbal remedies from America
New idea - transference

60
Q

How did alchemy develop in the Renaissance period

A

People began to look for chemical cures
Inspired by Paracelsus who experimented with metals as cures

61
Q

How was miasma prevented in the Renaissance period

A

Homeowners had to clean streets
Projects to drain swamps / bogs
Removing sewage and cleaning up litter was done by minor criminals
Bathing less popular (syphilis)

62
Q

How did medical care improve during the Renaissance period

A

Education for apothecaries and surgeons increased
Battlefield wounds meant more surgery was necessary
Surgeons and apothecaries needed a license

63
Q

Why did surgeons still have a low success rate

A

Infection, blood loss and pain

64
Q

Why were physicians now allowed to dissect

A

Legalised due to decline in church’s power - but still difficult to get supply of corpses

65
Q

How did hospitals change in the early 16th century

A

Records show people went with wounds / curable diseases and left soon, suggesting they got better
Physicians visited hospitals

66
Q

Why did number of hospitals decrease after 1536

A

Henry VIII disbanded monasteries and convents

67
Q

When did Vesalius publish On The Fabric of the Human Body

A

1543

68
Q

How did Vesalius contribute to medicine

A

Carried out dissections
Discovered the jawbone was one bone
Found 300 mistakes in Galen’s work
Wrote that anatomy professors should carry out dissections

69
Q

Why was Vesalius controversial

A

Many traditional physicians were angry he’d criticised Galen
They said the differences he’d found were down to changes in the human body since Galen’s time

70
Q

What were Harvey’s contributions to medicine

A

Taught his students to observe the body rather than believing classical texts
Challenged / disproved Galen’s ideas about blood and circulation
Used human dissection and observed heartbeats of cold blooded animals
Questioned value of bloodletting

71
Q

What was Harvey’s book called and when was it published

A

On the Motion of the Heart and Blood
1628

72
Q

What was the most immediate impact of Harvey’s theories

A

Encouraged other scientists to experiment on real bodies

73
Q

Why did Harvey’s work not have much impact on treatments

A

It was not practically useful but laid foundation for future discoveries

74
Q

When did the Great Plague break out in Britain

A

1665

75
Q

How many people in London were killed by the Great Plague

A

100,000 - a fifth of the city’s population

76
Q

What were the believed causes of the Great Plague

A

Unusual alignment of planets in 1664
Punishment from God
Most popular theory was miasma

77
Q

What treatments were used during the Great Plague

A

Quarantining households with plague
Patients were wrapped in thick cloth and laid by a fire to sweat the disease out
Transference - eg strapping a live chicken to a buboe
Prayer

78
Q

What prevention methods were used during the Great Plague

A

Wealthy people may move to countryside to avoid catching plague
Prayer and repentance
Various diets suggested
Pomanders carried to prevent miasma

79
Q

What was different in the government’s approach to the plague vs the black death

A

More organised governmental approach
Plague victims and their families quarantined for 28 days (with watchmen)
Bodies buried in mass plague pits
Mass events eg plays or games banned
Trade stopped
Cats, dogs and pigeons killed

80
Q

How did the Great Plague end

A

The rats developed resistance to the disease so their fleas didn’t need to find human hosts

81
Q

How many hospitals were left at the end of the Renaissance period

A

5

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