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Genetics > Lecture--Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Lecture--Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria are usually ____.

A

haploid

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2
Q

Bacteria have easier to identify _____ than in eukaryotes.

A

loss-of-function mutations

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3
Q

Bacteria reproduce ____ by ____.

A

asexually; binary fission

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4
Q

a collection of strains that share stable genetic properties and evolve as a group

A

a bacterial species

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5
Q

Genetic crosses cannot be used in the genetic analysis of ____.

A

bacterial species

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6
Q

Transfer of _____ occurs between bacteria, thereby enhancing genetic diversity.

A

bacterial DNA

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7
Q

Transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another can occur in three ways:

A
  1. conjugation
  2. transduction
  3. transformation
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8
Q

direct transfer of DNA from one cell to another

A

conjugation

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9
Q

viral mediated transfer of DNA between bacteria

A

transduction

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10
Q

uptake of DNA from the environment

A

transformation

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11
Q

showed genetic transfer in bacteria in 1946

A

Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum

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12
Q

Studied nutritional growth requirements of different strains of E.coli:

A

Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum

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13
Q

bio- met- thr+ leu+ thi+:

A

required biotin, methionine

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14
Q

bio+ met+ thr- leu- thi-:

A

required threonine, leucine, thiamine

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15
Q

showed in 1950 that genetic transfer in bacteria requires physical contact:

A

Bernard Davis

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16
Q

Process that David used:

A
  1. filter that restricted movement of intact bacteria

2. after incubation, moved to complete media

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17
Q

During conjugation, a special plasmid that is required:

A

F factor (fertility factor)

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18
Q

Which genes does the F factor plasmid carry for conjugation?

A
  1. Pilus proteins

2. Relaxosome proteins

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19
Q

A protein tube connecting the cytoplasm of bacterial cells:

A

pilus proteins

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20
Q

Interact with the DNA during conjugation, move a copy through the pilus

A

relaxosome proteins

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21
Q

F factor genes–origin of transfer:

A

oriT

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22
Q

Conjugation events: An F+ bacterium has ____ that produces pili.

A

an F factor plasmid

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23
Q

Conjugation events: When a _____ encounters an F- bacterium, it attaches and pulls it close to the F+ bacterium.

A

pilus

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24
Q

Conjugation events: The _____ cuts 1 strand of the F plasmid and directs the cut end to the _____.

A

relaxosome; pilus

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25
Q

Conjugation events: The ______ pump the strand through the _____ to the F- cell.

A

exporter proteins; pilus

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26
Q

Conjugation events: The recipient cell replicates second strand, becoming an _______.

A

F+ cell

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27
Q

High frequency recombination strains:

A

Hfr strains

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28
Q

The ____ integrates the genome of the bacterium.

A

F factor

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29
Q

During conjugation a portion of the ____ is transferred to recipient cells.

A

bacterial genome

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30
Q

Used Hfr strains to begin mapping the E. coli genome in the 1950’s:

A

Elie Wollman and Francois Jacob

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31
Q

Genetic transfer: Genes close to the ____ are transferred first.

A

cut site (oriT)

32
Q

Genetic transfer: Interrupting mating at different times results in recipient cells receiving _____.

A

different lengths of DNA

33
Q

Strains of bacteria with different ____ are used for mapping.

A

genotypes

34
Q

a bacterial strain which requires specific supplements to grow

A

auxotroph

35
Q

Supplements that auxotophs might require to grow:

A

threonine or leucine —> thr- or leu-

36
Q

Two strains that could complement auxotroph growth deficiencies:

A
  1. thr+ leu+ lac+ gal+ azis strs tons

2. thr- leu- lac- gal- azir strr tonr

37
Q

Selective growth conditions are used to detect ____.

A

recombinants

38
Q

Conjugation mapping: ___ donor strain is mixed with F- recipient strain.

A

Hfr

39
Q

Conjugation mapping donor:

A

thr+ leu+ lac+ gal+ azis strs tons

40
Q

Conjugation mapping recipient:

A

thr- leu- lac- gal- azir strr tonr

41
Q

Conjugation mapping: At 5 minute intervals a sample is taken, placed in a blender and blended to break the _____.

A

pilus connection

42
Q

Conjugation mapping: Sample placed on plates containing _____ and incubated (only recipient cells will grow).

A

streptomycin

43
Q

Conjugation mapping: Resulting colonies were screened for ____ on different minimal media.

A

genotypes

44
Q

Over 1000 of the 4000+ genes on the ____ chromosome were mapped to their relative positions using ______ mapping experiments.

A

E. coli; Hfr conjugation

45
Q

Since the distance between genes is measured as a function of time, the map units are ____.

A

minutes

46
Q

DNA transfer involving bacteriophage:

A

transduction

47
Q

A ______ is a virus that specifically attacks bacterial cells.

A

bacteriophage

48
Q

DNA packaging errors result in ____ being packed into _____.

A

bacterial DNA; assembling phage

49
Q

Size of the phage limits the amount of DNA which can be ____: 1 to 2 ‘minutes’

A

transduced

50
Q

random pieces of degraded host cell DNA are packaged in to the ____ phage, later inserted into the DNA of a new host cell.

A

generalised transduction; [transducing phage]

51
Q

process by which particular bacterial genes are integrated into the bacterial chromosome at a specific site

A

specialised transduction

52
Q

_____ genes are those on the piece of DNA from the _____ phage.

A

Cotransduced; transducing

53
Q

can be used to determine relative positions of genes very close together on the DNA; typically 1 ‘minute’ or less

A

mapping by cotransduction

54
Q

some bacteria can take up DNA from the environment and incorporate it into their genome:

A

transformation

55
Q

bacterial cells capable of DNA uptake

A

competent cells

56
Q

Naturally competent cells have several _____.

A

competence factors

57
Q

What are the competence factors that naturally competent cells have?

A
  1. proteins on the surface which bind DNA
  2. extracellular nucleases which ‘trim’ the DNA
  3. an uptake system which transports the DNA into the cytoplasm
58
Q

DNA is incorporated into recipient chromosome by _____.

A

homologous recombination

59
Q

exchange of nucleotide sequences between two similar or identical molecules of DNA

A

homologous recombination

60
Q

homologous recombination occurs during _____ and during _____.

A

meiosis; repair of double strand breaks

61
Q

homologus recombination enables _____ in bacteria.

A

horizontal gene transfer

62
Q

can be used for mapping or cloning

A

transformation

63
Q

Two types of transformation:

A
  1. natural transformation

2. artificial transformation

64
Q

DNA uptake occurs without outside help

A

natural transformation

65
Q

DNA uptake occurs with the help of special techniques

A

artificial transformation

66
Q

______ can be created in the lab for many bacteria.

A

artificially competent cells

67
Q

Artificially competent cells can be created by _____ exposure, followed by a _____.

A

CaCl2; heat shock

68
Q

Artificially competent cells can be created by ____ that uses a brief electric current to create transient holes in the membrane.

A

electroporation

69
Q

Creation of artificially competent cells is very useful for ______.

A

recombinant DNA work

70
Q

transfer of genes between organisms in a manner other than traditional reproduction

A

horizontal gene transfer

71
Q

Horizontal gene transfer occurs more often in bacteria from the _____ or _____ species because of _____.

A

same; related; DNA uptake signal sequences

72
Q

Horizontal gene transfer can be viewed as a _____ sexual process.

A

primitive

73
Q

Many different types of ___ are acquired through horizontal gene transfer.

A

genes

74
Q

About 17% of ___ and ____ genes are acquired through horizontal gene transfer.

A

E. coli; Salmonella typhimurium

75
Q

Many of the genes that are acquired through horizontal gene transfer are related to ____ and _____.

A

pathogenesis; antibiotic resistance

Genetics (18 decks)

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