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Genetics > Lecture--Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Lecture--Chapter 20 Flashcards

1
Q

any organisms that receive genetic material using recombinant DNA technology

A

genetically modified organisms

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2
Q

an organism that received DNA from a different species

A

transgenic organism

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3
Q

a gene from one species inserted into another species

A

transgene

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4
Q

Transgenes are introduced by _____, using:

A 
biolistic delivery (gene gun)
Using:
1. liposomes
2. plasmid vectors
3. viral vectors
4. nuclear injection
5. protoplast fusion
6. ballistic DNA injection
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5
Q

What are the common uses for transgenes?

A
  1. food fermentation products
  2. control of plant and insect diseases
  3. bioremediation
  4. medicines
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6
Q

protein hormone composed of 2 polypeptide chains that are cross-linked by a disulfide bond

A

human insulin

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7
Q

What happens during the introduction of human insulin?

A
  1. fusion protein stabilises the insulin and provides a useful tag
  2. induce expression with IPTG
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8
Q

green fluorescent protein from a jellyfish

A

GFP

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9
Q

GloFish are available in which colours?

A
  1. Starfire Red
  2. Cosmic Blue
  3. Electric Green
  4. Galactic Purple
  5. Sunburst Orange
  6. Moonrise Pink
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10
Q

making non-functional one of an organism’s genes

A

gene knockout

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11
Q

use an inducible promoter for tissue or time-specific expression

A

conditional expression

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12
Q

a gene of interest is inserted into a particular chromosomal location; more consistent expression levels than with random insertion

A

gene knockin

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13
Q

During the first part of production of a gene knockin in mice:

A

the gene of interest is cloned with flanking pieces of DNA from a noncritical site in the mouse genome. The cloned DNA is introduced into an embryonic stem cell.

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14
Q

During the second part of production of a gene knockin in mice:

A

the gene of interest inserts into the noncritical site by homologous recombination

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15
Q

production of medically important proteins in mammary glands of livestock or in plants

A

molecular pharming

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16
Q

methods that produce two or more genetically identical individuals

A

reproductive cloning

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17
Q

cloning cells from an adult for use in medicine and possibly organ transplants

A

therapeutic cloning

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18
Q

First step of reproductive cloning with sheep:

A

Donor sheep’s mammary cells are extracted and grown in a tissue culture flask. Another sheep’s unfertilised egg is extracted, and the nucleus is removed.

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19
Q

Second step of reproductive cloning with sheep:

A

The cells are fused together with electrical pulses.

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20
Q

Third step of reproductive cloning with sheep:

A

The donor nucleus from the mammary cell and the maternal proteins within the enucleated egg initiate development of the egg into an embryo.

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21
Q

Fourth step of reproductive cloning with sheep:

A

The embryo is transferred into a surrogate ewe.

22
Q

Fifth step of reproductive cloning with sheep:

A

Allow pregnancy to proceed.

23
Q

Sixth step of reproductive cloning with sheep:

A

A lamb genetically identical to the donor sheep is then born.

24
Q

____ has been achieved in cattle, pigs, mice, goats, horses, rabbits, and cats

A

somatic cell cloning

25
Q

Somatic cell cloning requires reprogramming of:

A

the differentiated somatic cell

26
Q

undifferentiated cells that can form specialised cells and can divide to form more

A

stem cells

27
Q

cells that can give rise to all of the different cells in the adult organism

A

Totipotent stem cells (embryonic vs. multipotent)

28
Q

cells that are rare and hard to locate in an individual

A

adult organ stem cells

29
Q

a gram-negative bacterium that causes crown-gall disease in broad-leaved plants

A

agrobacterium

30
Q

in crown-gall disease of broad-leaved plants, the agrobacterium can transfer ___ to the plant.

A

Ti plasmid (tumor inducing)

31
Q

in crown-gall disease of broad-leaved plants, the ___ inserts semi-randomly into a plant chromosome

A

T-DNA (transferred DNA)

32
Q

First step of the natural infection process of plants by an agrobacterium:

A

A wound on the plant enables the bacterium to infect dicot plant cells.

33
Q

Second step of the natural infection process of plants by an agrobacterium:

A

During infection, the T-DNA within the Ti plasmid is transferred to the plant cell.

34
Q

Third step of the natural infection process of plants by an agrobacterium:

A

The T-DNA is integrated into the plant cell’s DNA.

35
Q

Fourth step of the natural infection process of plants by an agrobacterium:

A

Genes within the T-DNA promote uncontrolled plant cell growth.

36
Q

method by which immature flowers are drenched with solution of agrobacterium:

A

floral dip method

37
Q

Other methods for agrobacterium in plants are:

A
  1. gene gun

2. co-cultivation with roots

38
Q

First step of the transfer of genes into plants using a T-DNA vector from agrobacterium:

A

Gene of interest is inserted into T-DNA vector.

39
Q

Second step of the transfer of genes into plants using a T-DNA vector from agrobacterium:

A

Agrobacterium is transformed.

40
Q

Third step of the transfer of genes into plants using a T-DNA vector from agrobacterium:

A

Plant cells are exposed to agrobacterium.

41
Q

Fourth step of the transfer of genes into plants using a T-DNA vector from agrobacterium:

A

Transformants are selected using kanamycin.(seed growth or tissue culture)

42
Q

What are the plant protection traits that have been modified in transgenic plants?

A
  1. resistance to viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens
  2. resistance to insects
  3. resistance to herbicides
43
Q

What are the plant quality traits that have been modified in transgenic plants?

A
  1. improvement in storage

2. plant composition

44
Q

What are the new product traits that have been modified in transgenic plants?

A
  1. biodegradable plastics
  2. vaccines
  3. pharmaceuticals
  4. antibodies
45
Q

produced by Bacillus thuringensis

A

Bt toxin

46
Q

prevents plant damage by many chewing insects such as beetles, caterpillars, flies, ants, wasps, and nematodes

A

Bt toxin

47
Q

introduction of cloned genes into living cells to treat disease

A

gene therapy

48
Q

What are the challenges of gene therapy?

A
  1. gene targeting
  2. cell transfer
  3. high expression of therapeutic agent
49
Q

Steps of the nonviral approach for gene transfer:

A
  1. DNA-liposome complex is taken up by endocytosis
  2. The liposome is degraded and DNA is released in the cytosol
  3. The DNA is imported into the cell nucleus
  4. Insert DNA is integrated by recombination into a chromosome
50
Q

Steps of the viral approach for gene transfer:

A
  1. Retrovirus is taken up by endocytosis
  2. The viral coat is disassembled and 2 copies of the RNA genome are released in the cytosol
  3. The RNA is reverse transcripted to DNA, which moves to the nucleus
  4. Viral DNA is integrated by recombination into a chromosome

Genetics (18 decks)

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