Test 1

Question 1

The ability to think abstractly to form arguments and make inferences

Answer 1

Reason

Question 2

(384-322 bc) Greek philosopher and scientist. A student of Plato and tutor to Alex the great, a founded a school (the Lyceum) outside Athens.

Answer 2

Aristotle

Question 3

(429 347 bc) Greek philosopher. A disiciple of Socrates and teacher to Aristotle, he founded the academy in Athens. His theories of “ideas” and “forms” contrasts abstract entities or universals with their objects or particulars in the material world. “The Republic”

Answer 3

Plato

Question 4

Deduce or conclude (information) from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements

Answer 4

Infer

Question 5

A thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof

Answer 5

Assumptions

Question 6

A principle that is assumed as a precondition for whatever else one believes which itself may remain unexamined and uncriticized throughout the argument.

Answer 6

Presuppositions

Answer 7

Buddha

Question 8

The “way” in Confucianism the “way “ to be a gentleman for example following the rituals, in Damian the underlying and ineffable “way” of nature of reality

Answer 8

Dao

Question 9

Intellectual independence and freedom from authority.

Answer 9

Autonomy

Answer 10

Plato

Question 11

The process of reasoning from one claim to another.

Answer 11

Argument

Answer 12

Assertions

Question 13

Explanations, justifications, evidence, or some other basis for accepting a proposition

Answer 13

Reasons

Question 14

An orderly formulation of principles (together with reasons, implications, evidence, methods, and presuppositions) that is comprehensive, consistent, and coherent and in which the various principles are interconnected as tightly as possible by logical implications

Answer 14

System

Question 15

a sequence of steps, each according to an acceptable rule of inference, to the conclusion

Answer 15

Proof

Question 16

To think about something, to put it in perspective.

Answer 16

Reflection

Question 17

“The awakened one”

Answer 17

Buddha

Question 18

A cultural and philosophical movement in the eighteenth century in Europe defined by a new confidence in human reason and individual autonomy

Answer 18

Enlightenment

Question 19

An approach and strategy for resolving philosophical problems.

Answer 19

Method

Question 20

A philosophical belief that knowledge is not possible, that doubt will not be overcome by any valid arguments

Answer 20

Skepticism

Question 21

A self-contradictory conclusion drawn from seemingly acceptable premises.

Answer 21

Paradox

Question 22

Lack of certainty; lack of reasons to believe and perhaps having reasons not to believe.

Answer 22

Doubt

Question 23

Beyond doubt

Answer 23

Certainty

Question 24

The test or standard according to which a judgement or an evaluation can be made.

Answer 24

Criterion

Question 25

Those axioms and assumptions from which a philosophy begins. Sold and indisputable

Answer 25

First principles

Question 26

A principal that is generally accepted from the beginning and so may be used without further debate

Answer 26

Axioms

Question 27

Obvious without proof or argument

Answer 27

Self - evident

Question 28

Descartes technique for discovering those principles of which we can be “perfectly certain”, namely doubt everything, until you discover those principles that cannot be doubted

Answer 28

Method of doubt

Question 29

The study of the rules of valid inference and “rational argument” in general, a sense of order

Answer 29

Logic

Question 30

The persuasive use of language to convince other people to accept your beliefs

Answer 30

Rhetoric

Question 31

An apparently persuasive argument that is really an error in reasoning; an unsound or invalid argument

Answer 31

Fallacies

Question 32

Usually, a proposition about all of a group or set of things on the basis of a limited acquaintance with some of its members.

Answer 32

Generalization

Question 33

Refers to an argument that correctly follows agreed-upon rules of inference. Always applies to arguments, not statements

Answer 33

Valid

Question 34

The principle or one of the principles upon which an argument is based. The starting point of an argument

Answer 34

Premises

Question 35

Refers to an argument whose premises are true and that is valid

Answer 35

Sound

Question 36

A three-line deductive argument, the best known examples are those arguments of this form

(Major premise)
(Minor premise)
(Conclusion)

Answer 36

Syllogism

Question 37

A statement or declaration, taking a position.

Answer 37

Assertion

Question 38

A provisional conclusion, accepted as most probable in the light of the known facts or tentatively adopted as a basis for analysis

Answer 38

Hypothesis

Question 39

An example that contradicts a generalization

Answer 39

Counterexanple

Question 40

A form of argument in which one refutes a statement by showing that it leads to self contradiction or an otherwise intolerable conclusion

Answer 40

Reductio ad absurdum

Question 41

The logical relation of two principles in which the truth of one requires the falsity of the other

Answer 41

Contradictory

Question 42

Merely restating as the conclusion of an argument one of its premises. For example, “why do oysters give me indigestion? Because they upset my stomach”

Answer 42

Begging the question

Question 43

The use of two propositions or arguments to support one another with no other supports

Answer 43

Vicious circle

Question 44

One statement logically follows from another. Statements imply one another. We infer one from the other

Answer 44

Implications

Question 45

Logical connection.

Answer 45

Coherent

Question 46

That which is asserted or denied of a thing, to which refers to a property of a thing

Answer 46

Predicate