Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Honors > Unit 3-Chapters 3, 4, and 5 > Flashcards

Unit 3-Chapters 3, 4, and 5 Flashcards

Vocabulary and Key Ideas

1
Q

early sutides led to the…

A

…developement of the cell theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

porkaryotic cells lack a…

A

…nucles and most internal structures of eukaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cell theory

A

3 part theory

  1. all organimsms are made of cells
  2. all existing cells are produced by other living cells
  3. the cell is the most basic unit of life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cytoplasm

A

a jellylike ubstance that contains dissolved molecular building blocks-such as protiens, nucleic acids, minerals, and ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

organelles

A

specialized structures to perform distinct processes within a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

no nucleus
no membrane-bound organelles
DNA in cytoplasm
single-celled organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

have a nucleus
have mebrane-bound organelles
nucleus has encloses DNA
may be multi-cellular or single-celled organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

calls have…

A

…an internal structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

several organelles are involved in…

A

…making an processing protiens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

other organelles have…

A

…various functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

plant cells have…

A

…cell walls and chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cytoskeleton

A

a network of proteins that is constantly changing to meet the needs of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

nucles

A

storehouse for genetic informatino–>DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

an interconnected network of thin folded membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

smooth ER

A

ER without ribosomes in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

rough ER

A

ER with ribosomes in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ribosomes

A

tiny organelles that link amino acids together to form proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

golgi apparatus

A

consist of closely layered stacks of membrane-enclosed spaces that process, sort, and deliver proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

vesicles

A

general name used to describe small membrane-bound sace that divide some materials from the rest of the cytoplasm and transport these materials from place to place within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mitochondria

A

supply energy to the cell

two membranes: inner and outer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

vauole

A

fluid-filled sace used for the storage of materials needed by a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane-boiund organelles that contain enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

centrioles

A

cylinder-shaped organelles made of short microtubules arranged in a circle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cell wall

A

a rigid layer that gives protection, support, and shape to the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

chloroplasts

A

carry out photosynthesis–>convert solar energy into energy cells can use
only in plant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

cell membrane

A

same as plasma membrane
forms a boundary between the cell and the outside environment and controls the passage of materials into and out of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

phospholipid

A

molecule composed of:

  1. a charged posphate groups/head
  2. glycerol????
  3. two fatty acid chains
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

describes the arrangement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

selective permeability

A

cell membrane is this

allows some, but not all, materials to cross

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

receptor

A

a protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

cell membranes are composed of…

A

…two phospholipid layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

chemical signals are…

A

…transmitted across the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

diffusion and osmosis are types of…

A

…passive transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

some molecules diffuse through…

A

…transport proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

passive transport

A

the movement of molecules across a cell membrane without energy input from the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

diffusion

A

the movement of molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

concentration gradient

A

the difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion for water molecules

across a semi-permeable mebrane from high to low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

isotonic solutions

A

both solutions have the same concentration of dissolved particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

hypertonic

A

when comparing two solutions, the hypertonic solution has a higher concentraion of dissolced particles in it than the other one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

hypotonic

A

when comparing two solutions, the hypotonic solution has a lower concentraion of dissolced particles in it than the other one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

the diffusion across a membrane through transport proteins

still passive transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

proteins can transport materials…

A

…against a concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

endocytosis and exocytosis…

A

…transport materials across the membrane in vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

active transport

A

drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

endocytosis

A

process of taking liquids or fairly large molecules into a cell by engulfing them in a membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

phagocytosis

A

a tyoe if endocytosis in which the cell membrane engulfs large particles

48
Q

exocytosis

A

the release of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane

49
Q

photosynthesis

A

process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy

50
Q

photosynthetic organisms are…

A

…producers

51
Q

photosynthesis in plants occurs in…

A

…chloroplasts

52
Q

chlorophyll

A

a molecule in chlorplasts that absorbs some of the energy in visible light

53
Q

thylakoids

A

membrane-bound structure within chloroplasts that contains chlorophyll and other light-absorbed pigments used in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

54
Q

light-dependent reactions

A

capture energy from sunlight

water and sunlight necessary

55
Q

light-independent reactions

A

use energy from light-dependent reactions to make sugars

Carbon dioxide is needed

56
Q

cellular respiration makes…

A

…ATP by breaking down sugars

57
Q

cellular repiration is like a mirror image of…

A

…photosynthesis

58
Q

cellular respiration

A

releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon-based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present

59
Q

aerobic

A

a process that needs oxygen to take place

60
Q

glycolysis

A

splits glucose into 2 3-carbon molecules and makes 2 molecules of ATP

61
Q

anaerobic

A

a process that does not need oxygen to take place

62
Q

krebs cycle

A

produces molecules that carry energy to the second part of cellular repiration

63
Q

cell cycle has…

A

…four main stages

64
Q

cells divide…

A

…at different rates

65
Q

cell size is…

A

…limited

66
Q

cell cycle

A

the regular pattern of growthm DNA duplication, and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells

67
Q

mitosis-basic

A

the division of the cell nucleus and its contents

68
Q

cytokinesis-basic

A

the process that divides the cell’s cytoplasm

69
Q

chromosomes condense at the start of…

A

…mitosis

70
Q

mitosis and cytonkinesis produce…

A

…two genetically identical daughter cells

71
Q

chromosomes

A

on long continuous thread of DNAthat consists of numerous genes along with regulatory information

72
Q

histone

A

a protein that organizes chromosomes and around which DNA wraps

73
Q

chromatin

A

loose combination of DNA and proteins

74
Q

chromatid

A

one half of a duplicated chromosome

75
Q

centromere

A

where sister chromatids (two identical chromatids) are held together

76
Q

telomeres

A

repeating nucleotde at the ends of DNA molecules that do not form genes and help prevent the loss of genes

77
Q

The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by…

A

…ATP

78
Q

Organisms break down carbon based molecules to produce…

A

…ATP

79
Q

a few types of organisms do not need…

A

…sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy

80
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

a molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes

81
Q

ADP

A

a lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group

82
Q

chemosynthesis

A

a process by which come organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make energy-storing carbon-based molecules

83
Q

Light Dependent Reactions of photosynthesis

A

first step
light energy captured
water molecules broken down

84
Q

Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis

A

also called light-independent reactions

uses carbon dioxide and makes glucose

85
Q

fermentation allows…

A

…glycolysis to continue

86
Q

fermentation and its products are…

A

…important in several ways

87
Q

fermentation

A

does not make ATP

allows glycolysis to continue

88
Q

lactic acid

A

causes muscles to burn during excercise

waste product of fermentation

89
Q

Interphase

A

G1-normal cell function, growing in size
S-DNA multiplies (2 complete sets)
G2-cback to everyday function, growing
MOST TIME IS SPENT IN INTERPHASE

90
Q

Mitosis-detailed

A

when the DNA is split and another nucleus is formed

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

91
Q

Prophase

A

DNA coils up
spindle fibers grow
Nuclear membrane disapeers

92
Q

Metaphase

A

DNA lines up in center of cell

Each chromatid attaches to a spindle fiber

93
Q

anaphase

A

DNA is split into 2 exact copies

DNA seperates to opposite sides of the cell

94
Q

telophase

A

2 nuclear membranes form

cell starts to pinch off

95
Q

cytokinesis-detailed

A

cell is divided and 2 identical cells are formed

96
Q

internal and external factors regulate…

A

…cell division

97
Q

cell division is uncontrolled in…

A

…cancer

98
Q

growth factor

A

a broad group of proteins that stimulate cell division

99
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

100
Q

cancer

A

common name for a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division

101
Q

benign tumor

A

a tumor in which the cancer cells typically remain clustered together

102
Q

malignant

A

a tumor in which some of the cells break away (metastasize) and can form new tumors

103
Q

metastasize

A

when cells break away from a tumor

104
Q

carcinogens

A

substances that are known to produce or promote the development of cancer

105
Q

binary fission is similar in function to…

A

…mitosis

106
Q

some eukaryotes reproduce through…

A

…mitosis

107
Q

asexual reproduction

A

the creation of offspring from a single parent and does not involve the joining of gametes

108
Q

binary fission

A

the asexual reproduction of a single-celled organism by division into 2 roughly equal parts

109
Q

multicellular organisms depend on…

A

…interactions among different cell types

110
Q

specialized cells perform…

A

…specific functions

111
Q

stem cells can develop into…

A

…different cell types

112
Q

tissue

A

groups of cells that work together to perform a similar function

113
Q

organs

A

groups of tissues that work toether to perform a specific function or related functions

114
Q

organ systems

A

organs that carry out similar functions

115
Q

cell differentiation

A

the process by which unspecialized cells develop into their mature forms and functions

116
Q

stem cells

A

a unique type of body cell tha have the ability to:

1) divide and renew themselves for long periods of time
2) remaion undifferentiated in form
3) develop into a variety of specialized cell types

Biology Honors (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions