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Biology Honors > Unit 6- Chapters 18 and 19 > Flashcards

Unit 6- Chapters 18 and 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Viruses, bacteria, viroids, and prions can all…

A

…cause infection

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2
Q

Virus

A

An infectious particle made only of a strand of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat

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3
Q

Pathogen

A

any living organism or particle that can cause an infectious disease
same as infectious agent

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4
Q

Viroids

A

infectious particles that cause disease in plants

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5
Q

Prion

A

an infectious particle made only of proteins that can cause other proteins to fold incorrectly

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6
Q

Viruses differ in…

A

…shape and in ways of entering host cells

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7
Q

Viruses cause…

A

…two types of infections

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8
Q

Capsid

A

a protein shell that surrounds the genetic materail in a virus

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9
Q

Bacteriophages

A

viruses that infect bacteria

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10
Q

Lytic Infection

A

an infectious pathway in which the host cell bursts, releasing thenew viral offspring intho the host’s system

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11
Q

Lysogenic Infection

A

a phage combines its DNA into the host cell’s DNA

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12
Q

Prophage

A

the phage DNA inserted into the host cell’s DNA

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13
Q

Viruses cause many…

A

…infectious diseases

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14
Q

Vaccinesare made from…

A

…weakened pathogens

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15
Q

Epidemic

A

a rapid outbreak of an infection that affects many people

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16
Q

Vaccine

A

a substance that stimulates the body’s own immune response against invasion by microbes

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17
Q

retrovirus

A

a virus that contains RNA and uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to make a DNA copy

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18
Q

Prokaryots are widespread…

A

…on earth

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19
Q

Bacteria an archaea are…

A

…structually similar but have different molecular characteristics

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20
Q

Bacteria have variou strategies for…

A

…survival

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21
Q

obligate anaerobe

A

poisoned by oxygen

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22
Q

obligate aerobe

A

organisms that need oxygen

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23
Q

faculatative aerobe

A

organisms that can survive with and without oxygen

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24
Q

Plasmid

A

a small piece of genetic material that can replicate separately from the prokaryote’s main chromosome

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25
Q

Flagellum

A

a long, whip-like structure outside of a cell that is used for movement

26
Q

conjugation

A

the process by which prokaryotes can exchange parts of their chromosome through a hollow bridge of pili formed to connect two or more cells

27
Q

endospore

A

a specialized cell with a thick portective wall

28
Q

Prokaryotes provide…

A

…nutrients to humans and other animals

29
Q

Prokaryotes play important…

A

…roles in ecosystems

30
Q

bioremediation

A

a process that uses microbes and other living things to break down pollutants

31
Q

some bacteria cause…

A

…disease

32
Q

antibiotics are used to fight…

A

…bacterial disease

33
Q

Bacteria can…

A

…evolve resistance to antibiotics

34
Q

Toxin

A

a poison released by an organism

35
Q

Antibiotic

A

chemicals that kill or slowthe growth of bacteria

36
Q

Protists can be…

A

…animal-like, plantlike, or funguslike

37
Q

Protisit are difficult to…

A

…classify

38
Q

protist

A

aeukaryots that is not an animal, a plant, or a fungus

39
Q

animal-like protists move in…

A

…various ways

40
Q

some animal-like protists cause…

A

…disease

41
Q

protozoa

A

often used informally to describe the many phylaof animal-like protists
same as zooplankton

42
Q

Pseudopod

A

“fake foot”

a temporary extension of cytoplasm and plasmamembrane that helps protozoa move and feed

43
Q

Cillia

A

short, hairlike structures that cover some or all of cell surface and help the organism swim and capture food

44
Q

plantlike protists can be…

A

…single-celled or multicellular

45
Q

Many plantlike protists can reproduce both…

A

…sexually and a sexually

46
Q

algae

A

photosynthetic plantlike protists

47
Q

Slime molds and water molds are…

A

…funguslike protists

48
Q

Slime molds

A

eukaryotic organisms that have both funguslike and animallike traits

49
Q

water molds

A

funguslike protists that aremade up of branching strands of cells

50
Q

Fungi are adpadted to absorb their food from…

A

…the environment

51
Q

fungi come in many…

A

…shapes and sizes

52
Q

fungi reproduce…

A

…sexually and asexually

53
Q

chitin

A

a tough polysaccharide that is also found in the shells of insects and their close relatives

54
Q

hyphae

A

bodies of multicellular fungi are made of long strands

55
Q

mycelium

A

groups of hyphae in long tangles masses

56
Q

fruiting body

A

a reproductive structure of a fungus that grows above ground

57
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

mutualistic partnerships between fungi and the roots of certain plants

58
Q

sporangi

A

spore-forming structures at thhe tips of their hyphae

59
Q

Fungi may be…

A

…decomposers, pathogens, or mutalists

60
Q

fungi are studied for…

A

…many purposes

61
Q

lichen

A

a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and algae or phtosynthetic bacteria

Biology Honors (10 decks)

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