Key Science Skills (Chapter1)

Question 1

what is a within-subjects design

Answer 1

an experimental design in which participants complete every experimental condition

Question 2

what is a between-subjects design?

Answer 2

an experimental design in which individuals are divided into different groups and complete only one experimental condition

Question 3

what is a mixed design

Answer 3

an experimental design which combines elements of within-subjects and between subjects designs

Question 4

generalisation

Answer 4

the ability for a samples results to be used to make conclusions about the wider research population

Question 5

what is a sample

Answer 5

a subset of the research population who participate in a study.

Question 6

what is convenience sampling

Answer 6

any sampling technique that involves selecting readily available members of the population.

Question 7

what is random sampling

Answer 7

any sampling technique that uses a procedure to ensure every member of the population has the same chance of being selected

Question 8

what is stratified sampling

Answer 8

any sampling technique that involves selecting people from the population in away that ensures that its strata are proportionally represented in the sample.

Question 9

what is an extraneous variable

Answer 9

any variable that is not the independent variable but may cause an unwanted effect on the dependent variable.

Question 10

what is a confounding variable

Answer 10

a variable that has directly and systematically affected the dependent variable, apart from the independent variable

Question 11

what are the seven types of extraneous variables

Answer 11

participant-related variable
order effects
placebo effects
experimenter effects
situational variables
non-standardised instructions and procedures
demand characteristics

Question 12

what is a participant related variable

Answer 12

characteristics of a study’s participants that may affect its results

Question 13

what are non-standarised instructions and procedures

Answer 13

when directions and procedures differ across participants or experimental conditions

Question 14

what are order effects

Answer 14

the tendency for the order in which participants complete experimental conditions to have an effect on their behavior

Question 15

what is the placebo effeect

Answer 15

when participants respond to an inactive substance or treatment as a result of their expectations or beliefs.

Question 16

what are experimenter effects

Answer 16

when the researcher themselves affect the outcome by giving subconscious clues about how to behave. this may involve asking leading questions that inform the participants of the desired result.

Question 17

what are situational variables

Answer 17

any environmental factor that may affect the dependent variable

Question 18

what are demand characteristics

Answer 18

cues in an experiment that may signal to the participant the intention of the study and influence their behavior.

Question 19

what is counter balancing

Answer 19

a method to reduce order effects that involves ordering experimental conditions in a certain way

Question 20

what is a single blind procedure

Answer 20

a procedure in which participants are unaware of the experimental condition they have been allocated to

Question 21

what is the double blind procedure

Answer 21

a procedure in which both the participant and the experimenter are unware of the experimental conditions participants have been allocated to.

Question 22

how to control participant diffrences

Answer 22

-using a between subjects or within subjects design
- using triplets/twins

Question 23

how to control order effects

Answer 23

-using between subjects
-counter balancing

Question 24

how to control placebo affects

Answer 24

• single blind procedure

Question 25

how to control experimenter effects

Answer 25

• double blind procedure

Question 26

how to control environmental/situational factors

Answer 26

• control the environment where possible

Question 27

how to control non-standarised instructions and procedures

Answer 27

• ensure standardization of instructions and procedures

Question 28

how to control demand charactersitcs

Answer 28

• use deception
• between subjects design
• double blind procedure

Question 29

repeatability

Answer 29

the extent to which successive measurements or studies produce the same results when carried out under identical conditions within a short period of time.

Question 30

reproducibilty

Answer 30

the extent to which successive measurements or studies produce the same results when repeated under different conditions.

Question 31

internal valididty

Answer 31

the extent to which an investigation truly measures or investigates what it claims to

Question 32

external validity

Answer 32

the extent to which the results of an investigation can be applied to similar individuals in different settings.

Question 33

what are the 5 ethical concepts

Answer 33

• beneficence
• respect
• non-maleficence
• justice
• integrity

Question 34

what is beneficence

Answer 34

is the consideration of the benefits or gains from research in relation to the risks.

Question 35

what is non-maleficence

Answer 35

is the idea that any potential harm should be avoided and minimised as much as possible

Question 36

what is justice

Answer 36

is the distribution of fair access to the benefits of research to everyone, ensuring that there is no burden on one group, and ensuring that any opposing claims are considered.

Question 37

what is integrity

Answer 37

is the commitment to search for knowledge, and then honestly report info and findings.

Question 38

what is respect

Answer 38

is the belief that everyone has value in regards to their welfare and beliefs, and has a right to make their own decisions.

Question 39

what are ethical concepts

Answer 39

refer to the broad, moral guiding principles that people should consider when conducting research.

Question 40

what are ethical guidlines

Answer 40

the procedures and principles used to ensure that participants are safe and respected

Question 41

what are the six ethical guidelines

Answer 41

• deception
• confidentiality
• informed consent
• debriefing
• voluntary participation
• withdrawal rights

Question 42

what is confidentiality

Answer 42

the privacy of personal information

Question 43

deception

Answer 43

participants must know the purpose of the study, unless it will influence their behavior in the research: if deception is used it must be addressed during debriefing.

Question 44

what are informed consent procedures

Answer 44

participant must understand the nature and purpose of the study, including any risks.

Question 45

what is debriefing

Answer 45

when participants are informed of the aims, results and conclusions of the study and are provided with psychological support as needed.

Question 46

what is voluntary participation

Answer 46

participants must willingly and freely sign up to be involved in research.

Question 47

what are withdrawal rights

Answer 47

participants may leave the study at any time, including removing already obtained results.