endocrine Flashcards
Complications of obesity
- Type 2 diabetes
- Gallbladder disease
- Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- Gout
Obesity increases the risk of the following cancers:
Indication of pharmacological therapy for obesity
- BMI ≥30 kg/m2 OR
- BMI ≥27 kg/m2 with obesity (adiposity) related complications
Pharmacological Therapy options for obesity
a. liraglutide
b. naltrexone/bupropion(in a combination tablet)
c. orlistat
indications for bariatric surgeries for obesity
- BMI ≥40 kg/m² OR
- BMI ≥35 - 40 kg/m² with an obesity (adiposity) related complication OR
- BMI ≥30 kg/m² with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes
types of bariatric surgery for obesity
a. Sleeve gastrectomy
b. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
c. Biliopancreatic diversion with/without duodenal switch
definition of obesity
Obesity is operationally defined as a BMI exceeding 30 kg/m2 and is subclassified into class 1 (30–34.9), class 2 (35–39.9) and class 3 (≥ 40)
what is the 5As Framework for Obesity Management in Adults
- Ask
- Assess
- Advice:
Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) and Physical - Activity
- Agree
- Assist
best iron supplement for adult and children
Adult: ferrous fumarate
children: ferrous sulfate
What are the thalassemia testing?
- Anemia work-up
- Iron studies
- Hemoglobin electrophoresis
risk factors of Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Gastric surgery (gastric parietal cells produce intrinsic factor)
- strict vegan
- breastfed children of #2
- elderly
- psychiatric
what are the diagnostic tests for pernicious anemia
- Vitamin B12 level
- when B12 low, check anti-intrinsic factor antibody
if positive, confirm pernicious anemia
Management for anemia
- transfusion if
1) hemoglobin < 70 AND
2) symptomatic
Find causes
- reduced intake
- loss: menstrual, GI bleeding
- destruction: marathon runner
Investigation:
- colonoscopy
- urinalysis
