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Bio 103 mini hybrid > Ch. 1,2,3 Test > Flashcards

Ch. 1,2,3 Test Flashcards

1
Q

explain order

A

living things are comprised of the same chemical elements, obey same physical/chemical laws as non-living things, has at least one cell

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2
Q

explain reproduction

A

one parent cell (mitosis) clones cells, two parent cells of varying genetics (meiosis) unique offspring

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3
Q

explain growth and development

A

inherited info in DNA controls the pattern of growth. growth is where building up outweighs breaking down (increase in size/number of cells)

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4
Q

explain energy processing

A

to take energy and use it to power all activities (the capacity to work)

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5
Q

explain regulation

A

the positive reaction to a negative reaction (sunbathing in lizards, homeostasis)

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6
Q

explain response to environment/stimuli

A

responding to changes in the environment (pupils dilate in light)

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7
Q

explain evolutionary adaptation

A

when evolving over generations, the organisms that aren’t fit to survive die, and the ones that have traits that allow them to survive in their environment survive, reproduce, and carry on those traits that help them survive

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8
Q

define cell

A

the smallest most basic unit of life

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9
Q

define metabolism

A

encompasses all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell (anabolism, catabolism)

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10
Q

define homeostasis

A

a state of biological balance

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11
Q

what are the taxa from most specific to very general

A

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

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12
Q

define taxonomy

A

the discipline of biology that identifies and classifies organisms according to certain rules

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13
Q

compare the three domains of life

A
  • bacteria, archea and eukarya all have unicellular organisms
  • eukarya can have multicellular organisms and has sexual reproduction
  • archea lives in extreme environments
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14
Q

list the 4 kingdoms of eukarya

A
  • protists
  • plantae
  • fungi
  • animalia
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15
Q

explain the principles of a scientific name

A

the first word in genus, second is epiphet(species). Genus is capitalized while species is not. is italicized or underlined

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16
Q

describe the level of organization from molecules to biosphere

A
  • all biological things work together to create a larger level of organization
  • molecule>organelle>cell>tissue>organ>organ system>organism>population>community>ecosystem>biosphere
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17
Q

define emergent property

A

ex. when cells develop into tissues, tissues still retain the same characteristics as cells while also gaining new characteristics that cells don’t have

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18
Q

define science

A

an attempt to predict and explain natural phenomenon

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19
Q

distinguish between a hypothesis and a scientific theory

A

a hypothesis is a proposed explanation bases on observation, while a scientific theory is an explanation based on a LOT of evidence

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20
Q

describe the structure of a controlled experiment

A

it compares an experimental group with a control group (change one component in the system at a time)

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21
Q

define independent variable

A

the one factor that is changed

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22
Q

define dependent variable

A

the result of the independent variable being changed

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23
Q

define control

A

the factor that never changes

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24
Q

explain the goal of science

A

to understand natural phenomenon

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25
Q

explain the goal of technology

A

to apply scientific knowledge for a specific purpose

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26
Q

how are science and technology interdependent

A

technological advances stem from scientific discoveries and scientists rely on technology to conduct their studies

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27
Q

list the 5 unifying themes in biology

A
  • evolution is the core theme of
    biology
  • life depends on the flow of
    information
  • structure and function are
    related
  • life depends on the transfer
    and transformation of energy
    and matter
  • life depends on the interactions
    within and between systems
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28
Q

define evolution

A

a process that changes life over long periods of time

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29
Q

what are the two main points of Darwin’s main theory of evolution

A
  • species today arose from
    ancestors that were different
    from them
    ex. all birds have the same
    body plan but they are all
    uniquely structures for their
    specific environments
  • natural selection; animals carry
    down traits that allow them to
    survive while the others die
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30
Q

explain how life depends on the flow of information

A

we wouldn’t be able to produce the material we need to survive(protein) or conduct homeostasis

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31
Q

describe the relationship between structure and function in biology

A

usually what the structure looks like is what it’s function is. Only the heart can pump blood unlike the large intestine.

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32
Q

explain how energy flows through an ecosystem

A

deenergy only flows in one
direction

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33
Q

describe cycling of matter

A

chemicals are changed and reused (recycled) ex. water cycle

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34
Q

explain how systems biology is used to understand biological systems

A

they analyze the interactions of the parts in the biological system (everything is a breaking down/building up process)

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35
Q

define matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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36
Q

define element

A

a substance that can’t be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means

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37
Q

define compound

A

two or more elements in a fixed ratio
ex. sodium + chlorine = salt

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38
Q

state the 6 elements that are essential to life and make up approximately 99% of living matter

A

CHNOPS
- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur

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39
Q

describe the structure of an atom

A

the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

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40
Q

describe location and charge of each subatomic particle

A

neutrons (no charge) and protons (positive charge) are in the nucleus, electrons (negative charge) orbit the nucleus

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41
Q

define atomic number

A

number of protons

42
Q

define mass number

A

sum of protons and neutrons

43
Q

define isotopes

A

an element that has the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

44
Q

explain the significance of radioactive isotopes

A

they are used as tracers for monitoring the fate of atoms in living organisms (chemo)

45
Q

define orbital

A

electron shells that hold electrons around the nucleus

46
Q

valence shell

A

the outermost shell

47
Q

describe covalent bonds

A

when atoms share electrons

48
Q

define nonpolar covalent bonds

A

electrons are shared equally

49
Q

define polar covalent bonds

A

electrons are pulled closer to the electronegative atom

50
Q

define electronegativity

A

a measure of an atom’s attraction for shared electrons

51
Q

what elements are covalent bonds made of

A

2 non metals

52
Q

describe ionic bonds

A

the actual transfer of an electron between atoms results in an attraction

53
Q

define ion

A

an atom or molecule with an electric charge resulting from the gain or loss of one or more electrons

54
Q

define cation

A

a positively charged iona

55
Q

define anion

A

a negatively charged ion

56
Q

describe hydrogen bonds

A

when hydrogen is attracted to the oxygen of another atom temporarily

57
Q

define chemical reaction

A

breaking existing chemical bonds and creating new ones (creates a reactant and a product)d

58
Q

define reactants

A

the starting materials

59
Q

define product

A

the material resulting from the chemical reaction

60
Q

describe the four life-supporting properties of water

A
  • water is cohesive (water+water)
    and adhesive (water+other)
  • it has high thermal energy
    (takes a lot for it to cool
    down/heat up)
  • less dense as a solid than a
    liquid
  • is a universal solvent
61
Q

define cohesion

A

the tendency of the same kind of molecules to stick together

62
Q

define adhesion

A

the clinging of one substance to another

63
Q

define surface tension

A

a measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid

64
Q

define thermal energy

A

the energy associated with the random movement of atoms and molecules

65
Q

define heat

A

thermal energy is transferred from a warmer to a cooler body of matter

66
Q

define temperature

A

measures the intensity of heat

67
Q

define evaporative cooling

A

when a substance evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains cools down

68
Q

define solution

A

a liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances

69
Q

define solvent

A

a dissolving agent

70
Q

define solute

A

dissolves when water molecules surround thema

71
Q

define aqueous solution

A

the product of something being dissolved

72
Q

explain the pH scale

A

describes how acidic or basic a solution is
- acidic : pH lower than 7
- base(alkaline) : pH greater than
7
- neutral : pH=7

73
Q

define alkaline

A

pH greater than 7

74
Q

define logorithmic

A

each unit change in pH represents a change of 10xd

75
Q

define buffer

A

minimizes changes in pH

76
Q

what is the biological significance of buffers

A

it helps regulate our blood pH levels when we eat something acidic like oranges

77
Q

define organic compounds

A

a compound containing carbon

78
Q

describe the importance of carbon to life’s molecular diversity

A

because carbon can bond with up to 4 different atoms, there isa huge diversity of molecular structures that can be made

79
Q

define hydrocarbon

A

composed of only carbon and hydrogen

80
Q

define isomer

A

has the same molecular formula but different structures

81
Q

list the 6 important chemical groups of organic molecules

A
  • hydroxyl group
  • carbonyl group
  • carboxyl group
  • amino group
  • phosphate group
  • amethyl group
82
Q

define functional group

A

gives organic molecules specific chemical properties

83
Q

define macro molecule

A

very large molecules

84
Q

define polymer

A

a molecule made from identical or similar building blocks strung together (monomer)

85
Q

define monomer

A

the building blocks of polymersd

86
Q

describe the role of a dehydration reaction and a hydrolysis reaction

A

dehydration reactions help the polymers get formed because of monomers linking together, hydrolysis breaks apart polymers

87
Q

what are the role of enzymes

A

to speed up reactions

88
Q

what is the monomer for carbohydrates

A

smaller sugar molecules (monosaccharides)

89
Q

define monosaccharides

A

sugar monomers (carbohydrates)

90
Q

define disaccharides

A

two monosaccharides linked together

91
Q

define polysaccharides

A

long chains of sugar units

92
Q

define lipids

A

diverse hydrophobic, made largely of carbon and hydrogen, creates energy

93
Q

list and describe the 3 types of lipids

A
  • fats: consists of glycerol linked
    to 3 fatty acids
  • phospholipids: components of
    cell membranes
  • steroids: include cholesterol
    and some hormones
    (anabolic/synthetic steroids
    are bad)
94
Q

define unsaturated fat

A

contain one or more double bandsd

95
Q

define saturated fats

A

the maximum number of hydrogens

96
Q

define trans fats

A

unsaturated fats that have been converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

97
Q

describe the chemical structure of proteins and the importance of protein to cells

A
  • found in enzymes, defensive,
    hormones
  • involved in nearly every
    dynamic function in your body
    and are very diverse
  • have 20 amino
    acids(monomers)
  • function depends on individual
    dshape
98
Q

define denaturation

A

when a protein unravels and loses it’s shape and function

99
Q

define peptide bonds

A

when amino acid monomers are linked together

100
Q

explain the 4 levels of structure of a protein

A
  • primary structure: the
    sequence of amino acids in a
    protein’s polypeptide chain
  • secondary structure: the coiling
    or folding of the chain,
    stabilized by hydrogen
  • tertiary structure: the overall 3-
    dimensional shape of a
    polypeptide
  • quaternary structure: proteins
    made of more than one
    polypeptide
101
Q

describe the chemical structure of nucleic acids

A

made of nucleotides which are made of sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

102
Q

compare and contrast DNA and RNA

A
  • DNA: a double helix, has the same 3 bases adenine, guanine, and cytosine but differs with thymine
  • RNA: single chain, has uracil instead of thymine

Bio 103 mini hybrid (4 decks)

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