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Bio 103 mini hybrid > Ch. 4-5 Test > Flashcards

Ch. 4-5 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the two parts of cell theory

A
  • all living things are composed of cells
  • all cells come from other cells
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2
Q

explain how cell size is limited

A

because the smaller it is, the easier it is for the cell to transport things in and out

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3
Q

describe the structure and functions of cell membranes

A
  • Form a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings.
  • Regulate the entrance and exit of materials
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4
Q

compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A
  • they both have a plasma membrane, DNA, ribosomes, and cytosol
    -pro. are structurally simpler than euk.
  • eukaryotic cells have a membrane enclosed nucleus and many membrane enclosed organelles
    (bacteria/archea-prokaryotic cells)(living things have-eukaryotic cells)
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5
Q

define cytosol

A

thick, jelly-like fluid on the inside of a cell from which cellular components are suspended

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6
Q

list every component of a prokaryotic cell and their function

A

fimbrae- sticking to other cells
flagella- movement
rod- shape
chromosomes- nucleoid
ribosomes- create proteins
plasma membrane- enclosing cytoplasm
capsule- outer coating, protection
nucleoid region- where DNA is located (not enclosed in membrane)

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7
Q

what are the 4 categories of organelles in eukaryotic cells

A

~ genetic control - nucleus and ribosomes
~manufacture, distribution, and breakdown of
molecules - endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and
peroxisomes
~energy processing - mitochondria and
chloroplasts
~structure, movement, and communication -
cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, plant cell
wall

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8
Q

describe the nucleus

A
  • houses the cells DNA and proteins (chromatin)
  • surrounded by a nuclear envelope
  • ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus
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9
Q

describe ribosomes

A
  • composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins
  • synthesize proteins based on directions from
    DNA
  • the more proteins a cell has = more ribosomes
  • found free roaming or in rough ER
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10
Q

describe the Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • a network of tubes and sacks
  • Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and processes
    toxins
    - without ribosomes
  • Rough ER produces membranes, ribosomes on
    its surface make membrane and secretory
    proteins
    - with ribosomes
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11
Q

describe the Golgi Apparatus

A

stacks of sacks where products of the ER are processed and sent to other parts of the cell

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12
Q

describe lysosomes

A

house enzymes that break down ingested substances and damaged organelles

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13
Q

describe vacuoles

A

large vesicles (huge shipping containers)
- some protists have contractile(pump)
- plants have a large central vacuole that stores
water, molecules, and waste

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14
Q

describe mitochondria

A

carry out cellular respiration in nearly all Eukaryotic cells
- intermembrane space
- matrix, contains DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes
that help in respiration
- has folds (cristae) that increases surface
area and helps create ATP

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15
Q

describe chloroplasts

A

photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae

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16
Q

what organelles are found in only animal cells

A
  • centrosome with centrioles
  • lysosomes
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17
Q

what organelles are found in only plant cells

A
  • cell wall
  • plasmodesmata
  • central vacuole
  • chloroplasts
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18
Q
  • the cytoskeleton includes ______
  • list them from largest to smallest
A
  1. microfilaments
  2. intermediate filaments
  3. microtubules
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19
Q

what region do microtubules grow out of in an animal cell

A

the centrosome

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20
Q

where are centrioles located and what are their function

A

the centrosome, used in cell division

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21
Q

what locomotor appendages are made of microtubules

A
  • in a 9 + 2 arrangement
  • cilia (oars/rowing)
  • flagella (whiplike motion)
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22
Q

what are the microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules functions

A
  • maintain cell shape
  • control movement of organelles
  • amoeboid movement
  • muscle contraction
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23
Q

where extracellular matrix found and what are its functions

A
  • found in animal cells
  • binds tissue cells together
  • supports the plasma membrane
  • communicates with the cytoskeleton
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24
Q

describe tight junctions

A

bind cells to form leak proof sheets

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25
Q

describe anchoring junctions

A

rivet cells into strong tissues

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26
Q

describe gap junctions

A

allow ions and small molecules to flow through a cell

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27
Q

describe the cell wall

A
  • only in plants
  • rigid
  • protects and provides skeletal support
  • mostly made of cellulose
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28
Q

describe plasmodesmata

A
  • only in plant cells
  • allow plant cells to share water, nourishment,
    and chemical messages
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29
Q

define integrins

A

membrane proteins

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30
Q

describe the fluid mosaic structure of cell membranes

A

it is free moving and suspended in a liquid so it isn’t tied down

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31
Q

define selectively permeable

A

allows some substances to cross more easily than others

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32
Q

list the 6 types of membrane proteins

A
  • transport proteins
  • enzymes
  • attachment proteins
  • receptor proteins
  • junction proteins
  • glycoproteins
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33
Q

define transport proteins

A

allow specific ions or molecules to enter or exit the cell

34
Q

define enzymes

A

some membranes proteins are enzymes; enzymes may be grouped to carry out sequential reactions

35
Q

define attachment proteins

A
  • attach to the extracellular matrix and
    cytoskeleton
  • help support the membrane
  • can coordinate external and internal changes
36
Q

define receptor proteins

A
  • signaling molecules bind to them
  • relay messages by activating other molecules
    inside the cell
37
Q

define junction proteins

A

form intercellular junctions that attach adjacent

38
Q

define glycoproteins

A
  • serve as ID tags
  • may be recognized by membrane proteins of
    other cells
39
Q

define diffusion

A

the tendency of particles to spread out evenly in an available space

40
Q

describe passive transport

A
  • diffusion across a membrane with no energy investment
  • goes from an area of high concentration to low
41
Q

define osmosis

A

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
- requires no energy
- goes from high-low concentration

42
Q

define tonicity

A

the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
- isotonic
- hypotonic
- hypertonic

43
Q

describe isotonic

A
  • concentration within the cell and outside the cell is equal
  • gains water at the same rate it loses it
  • remains the same size
44
Q

describe hypotonic

A
  • more water outside of the cell than inside
  • the cell gains water, swells, and may burst(lyse)
45
Q

describe hypertonic

A
  • more water inside the cell than outside
  • the cell shrivels and can die from water loss
46
Q

define crenation

A

animal cells lose water and shrinks

47
Q

define plasmolysis

A

plant cell loses water and cytoplasm shrinks

48
Q

define cytolysis

A

when animal cells burst

49
Q

define turgor pressure

A

water pressure within plants
- increased water -> increased pressure - plant stands
- decreased water -> decreased pressure - plant wilts

50
Q

what materials freely move through the plasma membrane

A

carbon dioxide
water
oxygen

51
Q

what materials need to be transported by carbon in the plasma membrane

A

macromolecules
charged molecules(ions)

52
Q

describe facilitated diffusion

A
  • doesn’t require energy
  • relies on concentration gradient
53
Q

define aquaporine

A

the very rapid diffusion of water into and out of certain cells (a protein channel)

54
Q

define active transport

A

a cell must expand energy to move a solute against its concentration (low -> high)

55
Q

what two mechanisms does a cell use to move large molecules across membranes

A

exocytosis and endocytosis

56
Q

describe exocytosis

A

used to export bulky molecules, such as proteins and polysaccharides

57
Q

describe endocytosis

A

used to take in large molecules

58
Q

what are the three types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis

59
Q

describe phagocytosis

A

the engulfment of a particle by the cell wrapping cell membrane around it, forming a vacuole

60
Q

describe pinocytosis

A

the engulfment of a liquid, utilizing the vesicle

61
Q

describe receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

uses membrane receptors for specific solutions

62
Q

define energy

A

the ability to do work

63
Q

define kinetic energy

A

the energy of motion

64
Q

define thermal energy

A

a type of kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or
molecules.

65
Q

define potential energy

A

is energy stored in the location or structure of matter and includes chemical energy

66
Q

define chemical energy

A

the energy that’s stored in the bonds of chemical compounds

67
Q

define the two laws of thermodynamics

A
  1. law of energy conservation
    energy is constant
    energy can be recycled but never created nor
    destroyed
  2. every energy conversion increases the entropy
    of the universe
    some entropy is lost as heat
68
Q

define entropy

A

disorder or chaos

69
Q

define endergonic and exergonic reactions

A

ex - release energy
ender - require energy and yield products rich in potential energy.

70
Q

how do cells use energy coupling to survive

A

the use of energy released from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions.

71
Q

explain how enzymes speed up chemical reactions

A

they decrease the activation needed for a reaction to begin, without being consumed by the reaction

72
Q

how are enzymes named

A

enzymes end in -ase (ex. lactose becomes lactase)

73
Q

define substrate

A

the specific reactant that an enzyme acts on

74
Q

define active site

A

the region of an enzyme that the substrate fits in

75
Q

define induced fit

A

The active site changes shape slightly, embracing the substrate more snugly

76
Q

what are the optimal conditions for enzymes to fucntion

A

temperature - high temp will denature the enzyme
pH - too acidic or basic can make the enzyme lose function

77
Q

define denature

A

altering the protein’s specific shape and
destroying its function.

78
Q

describe cofactors

A

nonprotein helpers, which bind to the active site and function in catalysis

79
Q

define coenzymes

A

a cofactor that is an organic molecule

80
Q

how do competitive inhibitors alter an enzymes activity

A

it reduces an enzymes productivity by blocking substrate molecules from entering the active site

81
Q

how to noncompetitive inhibitors alter an enzymes acticity

A

doesn’t enter the active site. Instead, it binds to a site elsewhere on the enzyme, and its binding changes the enzymes shape so the active site no longer fits the substrate

82
Q

how does feedback inhibition help regulate metabolism

A

it involves the use of a reaction product to regulate its own further production

Bio 103 mini hybrid (4 decks)

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