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Higher Biology > Division and Differentiation > Flashcards

Division and Differentiation Flashcards

1
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

Any body cell not involved in reproduction

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2
Q

Name the process by which somatic cells divide

A

mitosis

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3
Q

What is produced when germline cells divide by mitosis?

A

Diploid germline stem cells

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4
Q

What is produced when germline cells divide by meiosis?

A

Haploid gametes

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5
Q

Describe the 2 divisions of meiosis

A

Division 1—homologous (matching) chromosomes split

Division 2— chromatids separate

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6
Q

The number of chromosomes in a diploid cell

A

46

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7
Q

The number of chromosomes in a haploid cell

A

23

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8
Q

Name the process by which certain genes are expressed to produce the proteins characteristic of

A

Cellular Differentiation

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9
Q

Why is cellular differentiation important?

A

To allow the cell to be able to carry out specialised functions

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10
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecialised somatic cells which can self-renew or differentiate

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11
Q

Name the two types of stem cell

A

Embryonic and Tissue

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12
Q

Which type of cells can be described as pluripotent

A

Embryonic

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13
Q

Which type of stem cell can be described as multipotent?

A

Tissue

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14
Q

Describe what is meant by ‘multipotent’

A

A cell that can differentiate to make the cell types of the particular tissue in which they are found

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15
Q

What is meant by ‘pluripotent’?

A

A cell that can differentiate to
make all cell types

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16
Q

State the 3 functions of tissue stem cells?

A

Growth, repair and renewal

17
Q

Give examples of how stem cells can
be used to repair damaged or dis-
eased organs or tissues

A

Corneal repair or regeneration of
damaged skin

18
Q

Which type of stem cells can
self-renew under the right
conditions in a lab?

A

Embryonic

19
Q

How can stem cells be used as model
cells?

A

To research how diseases
develop or they can be used for
drug testing

20
Q

Give an example of an ethical issue
that could be raised against the use
of stem cell research

A

Use of stem cells involves the
destruction of embryos

21
Q

Why do cancer cells divide
excessively?

A

They fail to respond to regulatory
signals

22
Q

Give the name for a mass of
abnormal cells

A

A tumour

23
Q

Why might cancer cells spread
throughout the body?

A

Cells within the tumour fail to
attach to each other

24
Q

What can form when cells in a
tumour fail to attach to each other?

A

A secondary tumour

25
Q

Define Cellular Differentiation

A

When a cell becomes specialised by expressing certain genes to produce protein characteristics

Higher Biology (25 decks)

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