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PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY > MODULE 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE > Flashcards

MODULE 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacy came from the Greek word ________ that means drug or medicine

A

PHARMAKON

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2
Q

PHARMAKON means

A

DRUG OR MEDICINE

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3
Q

Defined as the PROFESSION which is concerned with the art and science of PREPARING DRUGS from natural and synthetic sources, and from suitable and convenient dosage forms (tablets, capsules, suspension, solution, ointment, cream, gels, lotions) for administration (oral, peroral, topical, parenteral, inhalations, insertion) for its purpose as a DRUG (prevention, diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, and cure) of diseases both of man and animal

A

PHARMACY

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4
Q

It embraces the knowledge of the
 identification
 selection
 pharmacologic action
 preservation
 analysis
 standardization

A

PHARMACY

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5
Q

Person considered the EXPERT ON DRUGS or considered as the MEDICATION EXPERT

A

PHARMACIST

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6
Q

It is legally granted the responsibility to handle drugs and to know all about those drugs

A

PHARMACIST

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7
Q

Ancient man learned from the instinct from observation of BIRDS AND BEASTS.

A

BEFORE THE DAWN OF HISTORY

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8
Q

Cool water, a leaf, dirt, or mud was his first soothing application.

A

BEFORE THE DAWN OF HISTORY

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9
Q

healers during BEFORE THE DAWN OF HISTORY

A

SHAMAN
PRIEST

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10
Q

Practitioners of healing of this era were priests, pharmacists, and physician, ALL IN ONE

A

PHARMACY IN ANCIENT BABYLONIA

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11
Q

Medical text on CLAY TABLETS records first the symptoms of illness, the prescription and directions for compounding, then an invocation of the gods

A

PHARMACY IN ANCIENT BABYLONIA

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12
Q

o jewel of ancient Mesopotamia
o CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION
o provides the EARLIEST PRACTICE of art the APOTHECARY

A

BABYLON

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13
Q

2 TYPES OF MEDICAL CARE IN BABYLONIA

A

ASIPU
ASU

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14
Q

 MAGICAL HEALER
 rely on SPELLS and MAGICAL STONES

A

ASIPU

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15
Q

 EMPERICAL HEALER
 make use of PLANT MATERIALS
 drew from large collections of drugs and manipulated them into several dosage forms

A

ASU

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16
Q

An emperor who INVESTIGATED THE MEDICINAL VALUE of several hundred herbs

A

SHEN NUNG

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17
Q

He has TESTED many of them ON HIMSELF and written the first PEN T-SAO (native herbal), with 350 different drugs

A

SHEN NUNG

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18
Q

Discovered of various dosage forms (enemas, infusions, inhalations, etc.)

A

PHARMACY IN ANCIENT CHINA

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19
Q

 Plant drugs such as acasia, onions, aloe, castor oil, opium, etc.
 They prepared drugs with mortar and pestle, hand mills, and weighing balances

A

PHARMACY IN ANCIENT CHINA

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20
Q

BEST-KNOWN and MOST IMPORTANT pharmaceutical record

A

PAPYRUS EBERS

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21
Q

A collection of 800 prescriptions, mentioning 700 drugs

A

PAPYRUS EBERS

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22
Q

o GOD OF THE HEALING ART
o During the superstition era, he was believed to impact healing by TOUCHING one with his staff or serpent

A

ASCLEPIUS

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23
Q

o DAUGHTER OF ASCLEPIUS
o The goddess of health, cleanliness, and sanitation
o Was believed to have a HEALING POTION

A

HYGEIA

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24
Q

the international symbol of the pharmacy profession

A

BOWL OF HYGEIA

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25
Q

o FATHER OF MEDICINE
o A Greek physician
o Introduction of scientific pharmacy and medicines
o He showed his writing and practices the FUNDAMENTAL OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF RESEARCH

A

HIPPOCRATES

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26
Q

o FATHER OF BOTANY
o Greek philosopher and natural scientist
o Deals with medical qualities and peculiarities of HERBS

A

THEOPHRASTUS

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27
Q

o Greek physician and Botanist
o Deals with botany as an APPLIED SCIENCE OF PHARMACY

A

PEDANIOS DIOSCORIDES

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28
Q

Scientist Look at Drugs

A

DIOSCORIDES

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29
Q

a book published by dioscorides

A

DE MATERIA MEDICA

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30
Q

rules of collection of drugs, their storage and use

A

DE MATERIA MEDICA

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31
Q

o King of Pontus
o The ROYAL TOXICOLOGIST
o He makes the art of poisoning, (preventing and counteracting poisoning – antidote)
o He used himself as well as “GUINEA PIGS” on which to test poisons and antidotes

A

MITHRIDATES VI

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32
Q

o Greek pharmacist-physician
o Practiced and taught both Pharmacy and medicine
o His principles of PREPARING AND COMPOUNDING MEDICINES
o Associated with that class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means – Galenical

A

CLAUDIUS GALEN

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33
Q

Originator of the formula for a cold cream

A

CLAUDIUS GALEN

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34
Q

o An early “trademarked” drug
o Advantage of trademarks as a means of identification and gaining customers’ confidence

A

TERRA SIGILLATA

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35
Q

o A clay tablet originating in Mediterranean Island of Lemnos before 500 B.C.
o One day each year clay was dug from a pit on a Lemnian hillside in the presence of governmental and religious dignitaries
o Washed, refined, rolled to a mass of proper thickness, the clay was formed into pastilles and impressed with an official seal by priestesses, then
sun-dried
o The tablets were then widely distributed commercially

A

TERRA SIGILLATA

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36
Q

o Patron saints
o TWINSHIP of the health professions

A

DAMIAN AND COSMAS

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37
Q

The apothecary (Pharmacy

A

DAMIAN

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38
Q

The physician (Medicine)

A

COSMAS

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39
Q

The ______ gathered herbs and simples in the field, or raised them in their own herb gardens

A

MONKS

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40
Q

 These they prepared according to the art of the apothecary for the benefit of the sick and injured
 Manuscripts from many islands were translated or copied for monastery libraries

A

MONASTIC PHARMACY

41
Q

o Persian Galen
o Persian, aka Ibn Sina
o He was a pharmacist, poet, physician, philosopher and diplomat
o He gave contribution to the sciences of pharmacy and medicine by his PHARMACEUTICAL TEACHINGS

A

AVICENNA

42
Q

o separated the arts of apothecary and
physician
o First privately owned drug stores
o Developing with the aid of their natural resources syrups, confections, conserves, distilled waters and alcoholic liquids

A

ARABIAN ERA

43
Q

o Happened in Sicily and southern Italy

A

SEPARATION OF PHARMACY AND MEDICINE

44
Q

 Emperor of Germany
 King of Sicily
 In his palace in Palermo
 He presented subject Pharmacists with the first European edict – MAGNA CARTA OF PHARMACY

A

FREDERICK II OF HOHENSTAUFEN

45
Q

o Greatest of the Pharmacists – Chemists
o FATHER OF MODERN PLANT CHEMISTRY
o Discovered oxygen, chlorine, prussic acid, tartaric acid, tungsten, molybdenum, glycerin, nitroglycerin,
and countless other organic compounds

A

CARL WILHELM SCHEELE

46
Q

A SWISS PHYSICIAN AND CHEMIST who influenced the transformation of pharmacy from a profession based primarily on BOTANICAL SCIENCE to one based on CHEMICAL SCIENCE

A

PATBOVOHO

47
Q

He believed it was possible to prepare a specific medicinal agent to combat each specific disease and introduced a HOST OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES to internal therapy

A

PATBOVOHO

48
Q

The idea of pharmacopeia with official status, to be followed by all apothecaries, originated in ___________

A

FLORENCE

49
Q

one of the EARLIEST MANIFESTATIONS of constructive interprofessional relations

A

Guilt of Apothecaries and the Medical Society

50
Q

It was the result of collaboration of the Guilt of Apothecaries and the Medical Society

A

PHARMACOPOEIA

51
Q

o Originally written in Italian
o Published and became the legal standard for the city-state in 1498

A

NUOVO RECEPTARIO

52
Q

o Philosopher-politician
o In 1617, he formed a separate company known as Master, Wardens and Society of the Art and Mystery of the Apothecaries of the City of London

A

FRANCIS BACON

53
Q

1st organization of pharmacists in the Anglo-Saxon world

A

Master, Wardens and Society of the Art and Mystery of the Apothecaries of the City of London

54
Q

o A POLITICIAN-PHYSICIAN and FIRST GOVERNOR OF MASSACHUSSETS Bay Colony with broad interests in chemistry, metallurgy, astronomy, botany and Materia Medica

A

JOHN WINTHROP

55
Q

 Sovereign remedy
 He believed it was effective in the treatment of measles, colics, headaches, sciatica, and many ailment

A

RUBILA

56
Q

 During 96 years, this pioneer pharmaceutical enterprise became a leading retail store, nucleus of large-scale chemical manufacturing
 a PRACTICAL TRAINING SCHOOL for pharmacists
 an IMPORTANT SUPPLY DEPOT during the Revolution

A

THE MARSHALL APOTHECARY

57
Q

o Established his apothecary shop in Philadelphia in 1729
o earned the title of “THE FIGHTING QUAKER” during the Revolution
o his sons: Charles and Christopher, Jr

A

CHRISTOPHER MARSHALL

58
Q

o America’s FRIST WOMAN PHARMACIST
o Granddaughter of Christopher Marshall
o Managed the marshal apothecary

A

ELIZABETH MARSHALL

59
Q

 In 1721, Colonial America’s first hospital (________) was established in Philadelphia
 The first Hospital Pharmacy began in 1752

A

PENNSYLVANIA

60
Q

o First hospital pharmacist

A

JONATHAN ROBERTS

61
Q

o Jonathan’s successor
o Practiced as a hospital pharmacist (1755-1756)
o Become a pharmacist first, and later as physician
o He advocated PRESCRIPTION WRITING and championed independent practice of two profession

A

JOHN MORGAN

62
Q

o The FIRST MAN to hold the rank of a COMISSIONED PHARMACEUTICAL OFFICER in an American army
o Bostonian apothecary

A

ANDREW CRAIGE

63
Q

o His duties included procurement, storage, manufacture, and distribution of the ARMY’S DRUG REQUIREMENT
o He also developed an early wholesaling and manufacturing business

A

ANDREW CRAIGE

64
Q

o GERMAN APOTHECARY
o Discovered OPIUM’S CHIEF NARCOTIC PRINCIPLE
o Recognize and prove the importance of a new class of organic substances: alkaloids (morphine)

A

FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADAM SERTURNER

65
Q

 French pharmacists

A

CAVENTOU, PELLENTIER AND QUININE

66
Q

o Isolated EMETINE (induces vomiting) from ipecacuanha in 1817, antidote
o Isolated STRYCHNINE (pesticide) and BRUCINE (anti-inflammatory and analgesic) from nux vomica
o Peruvian barks - useful against malaria
o Separation of quinine and cinchonine (antimalarial) from the cinchona barks

A

MESSRS. PIERRE-JOSEPH PELLETIER AND JOSEPH-BIENAIMÉ CAVENTOU

67
Q

(induces vomiting)

A

EMETINE

68
Q

(pesticide)

A

STRYCHNINE

69
Q

anti inflammatory and analgesic

A

BRUCINE

70
Q

antimalarial

A

QUININE AND CINCHONINE

71
Q

o Formed association by the pharmacists of Philadelphia
o A school of pharmacy and a self-policing board

A

THE PHILADELPHIA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

72
Q

Recognized for RELIABILITY AND QUALITY for more than century

A

SHAKER LABEL

73
Q

First president of the American Pharmaceutical Association

A

DNAIEL B SMITH

74
Q

o The FATHER OF AMERICAN PHARMACY
o First secretary of the American Pharmaceutical Association
o Graduate from The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1837
o leader in founding The American Pharmaceutical Association
o served that organization as its FIRST SCERETARY: LATER, AS ITS PRESIDENT.

A

WILLIAM PROCTER JR

75
Q

o launched the pharmacy course at the University of Michigan in 1868
o Abandoned the traditional requirement of pre graduation apprenticeship.

A

DR ALBERT PRESCOTT

76
Q

It was the FIRST BOOK OF DRUG STANDARDS from a professional source to have achieved a nation’s acceptance.

A

UNITED STATES OF PHARMACOPOEIA

77
Q

o Manufacturing pharmacist as well as physician
o Took the problem to The American Pharmaceutical Association convention.

A

DR. EDWARD R. SQUIBB

78
Q

also pioneered in developing pharmacologic and physiologic standards for pharmaceuticals

A

PARKE-DAVIS

79
Q

Introduced standardized “LIQUOR ERGOTAE PURIFICATUS” in 1879.

A

PARKE DAVIS & COMPANY

80
Q

o The firm’s CHIEF CHEMIST
o Further developed methods of ALKALOIDAL ASSAY

A

DR. ALBERT BROWN LYONS

81
Q

o PHARMACAL INVENTOR
o A French retail pharmacist
o combining SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE with TECHNICAL SKILL and with INVENTIVE GENIUS

A

STANILAS LIMOUSIN

82
Q
  • medicine dropper
  • apparatus for inhalation (oxygen tanks)
  • glass ampoules
A

STANILAS LIMOUSIN

83
Q

1894, they announced the EFFECTIVENESS OF DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN

A

BEHRING & ROUX

84
Q

o First observed the actions of ANTIBIOTICS in 1877

A

LOUIS PASTEUR

85
Q

o discovered PENICILLIN in 1929 but went UNDEVELOPED

A

ALEXANDER FLEMING

86
Q

o studied the penicillin in 1940

A

FLOREY & CHAIN

87
Q

established the CONCEPT OF PHARMACEUTICAL CARE in the late 1980s

A

C.D. HEPLER

88
Q

is INVOLVED in the PURSUIT OF CURES for major diseases such as cancer

A

GENETIC RESEARCH

89
Q

The use of MICROORGANISMS to produce drugs, hormones, and other products

A

BIOTECHNOLOGY

90
Q

The SCIENTIFIC ALTERATION of the structure of genetic material in a living organism

A

GENETIC ENGINEERING

91
Q

o FATHER OF PHILIPPINE PHARMACY
o First Filipino to study pharmacy

A

DON LEON MA. GUERRERO

92
Q

 FIRST DRUGSTORE in the Philippines
 an institution that served as a soda fountain and drug company at the old Escolta.

A

BOTICA BOIE

93
Q

 He founded Botica Boie
 A young physician-pharmacist

A

Dr. Lorenzo Negrao

94
Q

o a distinguished pharmaceutical company for it’s over a century of a strong commitment in providing quality
medicines to consumers
o a pioneer in the manufacture and marketing of phytomedicines
o now focused on promoting natural plant-based products from reputable European research-based manufacturers and supported by substantial scientific literature

A

BOIE DRUG

95
Q

Practicing Pharmacists are among others ensuring the SAFE, EFFECTIVE and APPROPRIATE use of drugs by patients.

A

PROFESSIONAL FUNCTION

96
Q

 Essential to practice which may NOT BE RESTRICTED TO PHARMACISTS include a large variety of manipulative or mechanical tasks that must be carried out during the course of practice.
 Although these functions are often performed by practicing pharmacists, nonprofessional personnel (pharmacy technician, pharmacy assistant) can be involved under professional supervision.

A

TECHNICAL FUNCTION

97
Q

dosage forms

A

tablets,
capsules,
suspension,
solution,
ointment,
cream,
gels,
lotions

98
Q

route for administration

A

oral,
peroral,
topical,
parenteral,
inhalations,
insertion

99
Q
A

PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY (16 decks)

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