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neuroscience > chapter 1-3 > Flashcards

chapter 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

neurophysiology

A

study of the specialized life processes that allow neurons to use chemical and electrical signals to process and transmit information

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2
Q

action potential

A

rapid depolarization of electrical signal change along the axon

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3
Q

ions

A

electrically charged molecules

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4
Q

anions

A

negatively charged molecules

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5
Q

cations

A

positively charged

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6
Q

microelectrode

A

small electrode to record electrical potentials inside living cells

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7
Q

resting potential

A

electrical difference across membrane

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8
Q

selective permeability

A

allowing somethings to pass through ion channel, but not others

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9
Q

diffusion

A

spread of molecules from high concentration to low through a solvent
-drop of dye spreads in water

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10
Q

electrostatic pressure

A

charged molecules or ions move toward areas with opposite charge

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11
Q

equilibrium potential

A

electrical charge that exactly balances concentration gradient

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12
Q

hyperpolarization

A

increase in membrane potential (more - on the inside)

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13
Q

depolarization

A

decrease in membrane potential

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14
Q

local potentials

A

electrical potential that is initiated by stimulation

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15
Q

threshold

A

the stimulus intensity that is just adequate to trigger an action potential in an axon

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16
Q

all-or-none property

A

an action potential either fires at its full amplitude, or not at all

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17
Q

after potentials

A

the positive or negative change in membrane potential that may follow an action potential

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18
Q

volted-gated Na+ channel

A

Na+ selective channel that opens/closes in response to changes in the voltage of the local membrane potential

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19
Q

refractory

A

temporarily unresponsive

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20
Q

absolute refractory phase

A

no amount of stimulation can induce another action potential because Na+ channel is closed

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21
Q

relative refractory phase

A

only strong stimulation can depolarize the axon to threshold to produce another action potential

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22
Q

saltatory conduction

A

the action potential jumps from one node of ranvier to the next

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23
Q

postsynaptic potentials

A

brief changes in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell

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24
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

hyperpolarization potential in a neuron (decreases probability of action potential)

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25
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

depolarization potential in a neuron that is normally caused by synaptic excitation (increases probability of action potential)

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26
Q

spatial summation

A

summation of postsynaptic potentials that reach the axon hillock from different locations across the cell body

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27
Q

temporal summation

A

spread of time postsynaptic potentials reach the axon hillock

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28
Q

synaptic delay

A

brief delay between the arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal and the creation of a postsynaptic potential

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29
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

exchanging three sodium ions for every two potassium ions from the intracellular environment.

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30
Q

ligand

A

substance that binds to receptor molecules.

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31
Q

agonists

A

molecules that act like transmitters at a receptor of that transmitter: activates the receptor

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32
Q

antagonists

A

interfere with or prevent the action of a transmitter, don’t activate receptors

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33
Q

degradation

A

chemical breakdown of a neurotransmitter into inactive metabolites

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34
Q

reuptake

A

transmitter molecules are cleared by bein absorbed back into the axon terminal that released them

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35
Q

transporters

A

return transmitter molecules to the presynaptic neuron for reuse

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36
Q

electroencephalograms (eegs)

A

the recording of ross electrical activity of the brain via large electrodes placed on the scalp

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37
Q

event-related potentials

A

EEG responses to a single stimulus such as a flash of light

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38
Q

epilepsy

A

major sudden changes in the electrophysical state of the brain

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39
Q

tonic-clonic seizures

A

neurons fire in high-frequency bursts, accompanied by rhythmic contractions of the body

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40
Q

simple partial seizures

A

spike-and-wave EEG activity is evident for 5-15 seconds

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41
Q

complex partial seizures

A

do not involve the entire brain and thus can produce a wide variety of symptoms, often preceded by an unusual sensation of aura

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42
Q

conduction velocity

A

the speed of propagation of action potentials, varies with axon diameter

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43
Q

neurons

A

basic unit of the nervous system composed of dendrites, an axon, and a transmitting axon terminal

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44
Q

glial cells

A

provides a variety of support functions but also participates in information processing

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45
Q

4 functional zones of information processing

A
  1. input zone: dendrites receive information via synapses
  2. integration zone: neurons cell body combines info, then decides to send the signal out or not
  3. conduction zone: axons carry the neuron’s own electrical signals away from the cell body
  4. output zone: axon terminals transmit the neurons signals across synapses to other cells
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46
Q

axon terminals

A

specialized swellings at the ends of the axon

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47
Q

multipolar neurons

A

many dendrites and a single axon (most common)

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48
Q

ion channels

A

proteins that span the membrane and can allow ions to pass through

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49
Q

exogenous

A

substances from outside the body

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50
Q

endogenous

A

substances from inside the body

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51
Q

neurotransmitter receptors

A

protein molecules embedded in the postsynaptic membrane that recognize a specific transmitter

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52
Q

ionotropic receptor

A

a receptor protein containing an ion channel that opens when the receptor is bound by an agonist

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53
Q

metabotropic receptors

A

doesn’t contain ion channels but use a secondary-messenger system to open nearby ion channels or to produce other cellular effects

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54
Q

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRS

A

receptor, when activated extracellularly, initiates a G protein signaling mechanisms inside the cell

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55
Q

amino acid neurotransmitters

A

a neurotransmitter that is an amino acid

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56
Q

amine neurotransmitter

A

a neurotransmitter based on modifications of a single amino acid nucleus

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57
Q

peptide neurotransmitter

A

a neurotransmitter consisting of a short chain of amino acids

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58
Q

gas neurotransmitters

A

a neurotransmitter that is a soluble gas

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59
Q

co-localization

A

the synthesis and release of more than one type of neurotransmitter by a given presynaptic neuron

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60
Q

acetylcholine

A

plays a major role in transmission in the forebrain
- memory

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61
Q

cholinergic

A

cells that use acetylcholine as their synaptic transmitter

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62
Q

basal forebrain

A

major source of cholinergic projections in the brain and has been implicated in sleep

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63
Q

dopamine

A

mesostriatal pathway-substanitia nigra of the midbrain: motor control
mesolimbocortical pathway: ventral tegmental area: learn by positive reinforcement
-aspects of behavior

64
Q

dopaminergic

A

cells that use dopamine as their synaptic transmitter

65
Q

substantia nigra

A

brainstem structure that innervates the basal ganglia and is a major source of dopaminergic projections

66
Q

ventral tegmental area

A

portion of midbrain that projects dopaminergic fibers to the nucleus accumben

67
Q

serotogenic

A

referring to cells that use serotonin as their synaptic transmitter

68
Q

raphe nuclei

A

a string of nuclei in the midline of the midbrain and brainstem that contain most of the serotogenic neurons of the brain

69
Q

serotonin

A

control of behavior: mood, vision, sexual behavior, anxiety, sleep

70
Q

norepinephrine

A

active in the brain and symphatic nervous system: alertness to mood and sexual behavior

71
Q

retrograde neurotransmitters

A

diffusing from the postsynaptic neuron back to the presynaptic neuron

72
Q

agonists

A

drugs that mimic or potentiate the actions of a transmitter

73
Q

antagonists

A

drugs that reduce the normal actions of a neurotransmitter

74
Q

bioavailable

A

able to interact with physiological mechanisms

75
Q

biotransfermation

A

process in which enzymes convert a drug into a metabolite that is itself active

76
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

the factors that affect the movement of a drug into, through, and out of the body

77
Q

binding affinity

A

degree of chemical attraction between a ligand and a receptor

78
Q

efficacy

A

the ability of a bound ligand to activate the receptor

79
Q

metabolic tolerance

A

metabolic organs become more effective at eliminating the drug from the bloodstream before it can have an affect

80
Q

functional tolerance

A

target tissue may change its sensitivity to the drug

81
Q

down-regulate

A

in response to an agonist - fewer receptors

82
Q

up-regulate

A

in response to an antagonist - more receptors

83
Q

cross-tolerance

A

tolerance to one drug causes an individual to develop tolerance for another

84
Q

autoreceptors

A

tells the axon terminal how much transmitter has been released

85
Q

first-generation antipsychotics

A

acts as selective antagonists of dopamine D2 receptors in the brain
(treats hallucinations and delusions)

86
Q

second-generation antipsychotics

A

dopaminergic and nondopaminergic (blockade of certain serotonin receptors), relieve some behavior symptoms

87
Q

affective disorders

A

disturbances of mood

88
Q

antidepressant

A

increase synaptic transmission
-monoamine oxidase inhibitors(prevent breakdown of monoamines at the synapses)
accumulation of transmitters, prolonging their activity

89
Q

tricyclic antidepressants

A

block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

90
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

A

block reuptake at serotonergic synapses

91
Q

serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

A

block reuptake of both

92
Q

barbiturate

A

depressant activity in the nervous system (addictive), reduce anxiety, promote sleep, avoid epileptic seizures

93
Q

benzodiazepines

A

act as agonists on GABAa receptors and enhance the inhibitory effects of GABA

94
Q

periaqueductal gray

A

high density of opioid receptors and is where opiates exert much of their painkilling effects

95
Q

endogenous opioids

A

bodys own opioid (enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins)

96
Q

anandamide

A

produces some of the physiological and psychological effects of cannabinoid

97
Q

hallucinogens

A

stimulation of serotonin receptors, alter sensory perception and produce unusual experiences through diverse neural actions

98
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

recieves dopaminergic innervation from the ventral tegmental area associated with pleasurable sensations with drugs

99
Q

insula

A

role in addiction, craving, and pleasure

100
Q

bipolar neurons

A

single dendrite on one end, on axon on the other

101
Q

unipolar neurons

A

single extension(axon) branches in two directions, one end is input, other is output (terminals), transmit touch to the spinal cord

102
Q

presynaptic membrane

A

transmits info by releasing neurotransmitter

103
Q

postsynaptic membrane

A

receives information

104
Q

synaptic cleft

A

gap that separates presynaptic membrane from postsynaptic membrane

105
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

spherical, contains neurotransmitters

106
Q

axon hillock

A

gather and integrate info arriving

107
Q

oligodendrocytes/schwann cells

A

wrap around successive segments of axons to insulate them with fatty substances called myelin

108
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps between sections of myelin where the axon is exposed

109
Q

astrocytes

A

control local blood flow to increase amount reaching more active brain regions by stretching between neurons and fine blood vessels

110
Q

microglial cells

A

tiny and mobile, clean up sites of injury

111
Q

axon collaterals

A

a branch of an axon

112
Q

axonal transport

A

transportation of materials between neuronal cell body to an axon

113
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves: sensory and motor

114
Q

somatic nervous system

A

nerves that interconnect the brain and the major muscles and sensory systems of the body

115
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

consists of nerves that connect primarily to the internal organs

116
Q

sympathic nervous system

A

fight or flight; axons innervate the sympathic ganglia

117
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

helps relax the body, originate in the brain stem

118
Q

gray matter

A

outer layers of the cortex containing neuronal cell bodies and dendrites

119
Q

white matter

A

transmits info, myelin

120
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres, contains neuron bodies

121
Q

corpus callosum

A

bundle of axons that connect the two cerebral hemispheres

122
Q

basal ganglia

A

are important in motor control and consists mainly of the caudate nucleaus, putamen, and globus pallidus

123
Q

limbic system

A

involved in emotion and learning
-amygdala, hippocampus/fornix, cingulate gyrus, olfactory bulb, thalamus, hypothalamus

124
Q

amygdala

A

emotional regulation and perception of odor

125
Q

hippocampus/fornix

A

learning and memory

126
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

direction of attention

127
Q

olfactory bulb

A

sense of smell

128
Q

thalamus

A

directs almost all incoming sensory info to appropriate regions

129
Q

hypothalumus

A

hunger, thirst, temperature, regulation, sex

130
Q

midbrain

A

substantia nigra, periaqueductal gray, reticular formation

131
Q

substantia nigra

A

part of the basal ganglia

132
Q

pariaqueductal gray

A

perception of pain

133
Q

reticular formation

A

sleep and arousal

134
Q

brainstem

A

cerebellum, pons, medulla

135
Q

cerebellum

A

3 layers, motor coordination and control, learning

136
Q

pons

A

point of origin for several cranial nerves

137
Q

medulla

A

transition between brain and spinal cord

138
Q

meninges

A

dura mater(outer), pia mater(inner), and arachnoid membrane(cerebrospinal fluid in-between)

139
Q

nissl stains

A

visualize all of the cell body; measure size and number

140
Q

golgi stains

A

only a few cells completely fills a small proportion of neurons; types and shapes of neurons

141
Q

autoradiography

A

can reveal cells that exhibit a specific property

142
Q

tract tracers

A

help visualize neural pathways

143
Q

computerized axial tomography

A

a measure of x-ray absorption at several positions around the head - anatomical map based on tissue density

144
Q

magnetic resonance imaging

A

high resolution images, fewer damaging effects than ct; when protons relax, they emit radio waves that differ by tissue density

145
Q

functional MRI

A

image localized changes in the brains activity(uses oscillating magnetic fields testing oxygen use and blood flow)

146
Q

positron emission tomography

A

gives images of brain activity
-short lived radioactive chemicals into the bloodstream indicate location
-identifies which brain regions contribute to specific functions

147
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

briefly stimulates discrete cortical regions, then record observed changes in behavior

148
Q

magnetoencephalography

A

measure the tiny magnetic fields given off by active neurons during cognitive processing, doesn’t tell you where

149
Q

Drugs that stimulate the _______ pathway provide powerful positive rewards that may eclipse the pleasures derived from other activities.

A

dopaminergic

150
Q

Higher doses of a drug tend to increase the proportion of receptors that are bound and affected by the drug, thereby increasing the response. This relationship is called the

A

dose-response curve

151
Q

glutamate

A

the most common excitatory transmitter
-memory

152
Q

opioid peptides

A

mimic opiate drugs such as morphine and reduce the perception of pain

153
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

tight junctions between the cells of blood vessels in the CNS prevent the movement of large molecules; can limit drug availability

154
Q

endocannabinoid

A

analogs of marijuana produced in the brain, such as anandamide

155
Q

stimulant

A

increase nervous system activity by increasing excitatory input or decreasing inhibitory activity
-caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines,

neuroscience (23 decks)

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