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Dentistry Human Disease > Asthma > Flashcards

Asthma Flashcards

1
Q

What condition is characterised by reversible airflow obstruction?

A

Asthma

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2
Q

What percentage of children have asthma?

A

5-10%

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3
Q

what percentage of adults have asthma?

A

2-5%

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4
Q

Which is a normal asthmatic likely to have more issues with, inspiration or expiration and why?

A

Expiration.
Because breathing out is a passive process compared to the powerful muscles which are able to suck in air on inspiration and overcome asthma obstruction.

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5
Q

which antibody triggers a B-cell/T-cell interaction causing degranulation of mast cells?

A

IgE

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6
Q

what is the consequence of degranulation of mast cells in the airway?

A

Narrowing of airway, oedema and excess mucous secretion

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7
Q

What are the three features of asthma (triad) which cause airway narrowing?

A
  1. Bronchial Smooth muscle constriction
  2. Mucosal oedema
  3. Excessive mucous secretion
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8
Q

What drug is an anti-IgE drug, which prevents its production, causing mast cells to degranulate?

A

Omalizumab

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9
Q

What are the three most common symptoms of asthma?

A
  1. Cough
  2. Wheeze
  3. Shortness of breath
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10
Q

What is meant by diurnal variation in regards to asthma symptoms?

A

Asthma symptoms that worsen overnight and in the early morning

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11
Q

What would you expect to happen to someone’s PEFR measurement if they have difficulties breathing out and their lungs fill with air?

A

PEFR would decrease

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12
Q

What are the five main triggers for asthma?

A
  1. Unknown
  2. Infections
  3. Environmental stimuli (dust, smoke, etc.)
  4. Cold air
  5. Atopy
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13
Q

Define, the genetic tendency to develop allergic disease

A

Atopy

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14
Q

What test can be used to see what allergens individuals have?

A

Skin prick test

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15
Q

what is meant by asthma biphasic response?

A

This is a two phase anaphylactic event. After someone has an asthma attack and recovers, they tend to have a response some hours later

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16
Q

what are the two core drugs used to treat mild/moderate asthma?

A
  1. Intermittent short-acting beta-adrenergic agonist
  2. Low dose inhaled corticosteroid
17
Q

Which drug helps to relieve symptoms of asthma?

A

Short-acting beta-2 adrenergic antagonist

18
Q

Which drug helps to prevent further asthma attacks?

A

Inhaled corticosteroid

19
Q

If asthma become moderate/ more severe, what drugs would be used in treatment?

A
  1. High dose inhaled corticosteroid
  2. Regular long-acting beta-adrenergic agonist
20
Q

Give three examples of adjuvant therapy for severe asthma

A
  1. Regular montelucast
  2. Pulsed oral steroid (prednisolone)
  3. Biologic therapy
21
Q

What does “nebulised” mean?

A

To turn a liquid drug into a very fine spray, so it can be breathed in by a patient

22
Q

Which muscle type is relaxed by beta-adrenergic agonists?

A

Bronchial smooth muscle

23
Q

By relaxing bronchial smooth muscle, what does this reduce?

A
  1. Bronchoconstriction
  2. Resting bronchial tone
24
Q

Which type of beta-adrenergic agonist MUST be used alongside a steroid inhaler?

A

Long lasting

25
Q

When should low dose corticosteroids be introduced into treatment in someone with mild/moderate asthma?

A

Use if short acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist has to be used >3 times each week

26
Q

what is the main risks when taking any steroid?

A

Adrenal suppression and osteoporosis

27
Q

what is a “spacer”?

A

A spacer is a device used to increase the ease of administering aerosolised medication from a enter-dosed inhaler.

28
Q

When is a spacer recommend for use in adults with asthma?

A

If their daily dose exceeds 800 micrograms

29
Q

If an adult has an acute asthma attack in the dental chair, how should you manage this patient?

A

Use a short-acting beta-2 adrenergic antagonist via a large-volume spacer. Give four puffs initially, followed by 2 puffs every 2 minutes. Max 10 puffs.

30
Q

If a child has an acute asthma attack in the dental chair, how should you manage this patient?

A

Use a short-acting beta-2 adrenergic antagonist via a large-volume spacer. Give a puff every 30-60 seconds. 10 puffs max.

Dentistry Human Disease (29 decks)

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