8.4-8.6 Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up oil?

A

hydrocarbons + sulfur (~10%) + oxygen (~5%) + nitrogen (~1%)
- traces of metallic elements (V, Ni, Fe, Al, Na, Ca, Cu, U)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

% oil = saturated vs. aromatic

A
  • ~70% = saturated
  • ~30% = aromatic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

saturated oil

A

no multiple bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

aromatic oil

A

@ least 1 benzene ring (multiple bonds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

refineries:

A

distillation towers + reactors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do distillation towers do? (oil refineries)

A

divide petroleum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do reactors do? (oil refineries)

A

transform molecules to needed amounts
- ex: reactions to increase % gasoline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

“oil cracking”

A

larger hydrocarbons broken down into 2 smaller hydrocarbons (in gasoline range)
- ↑ temp (400-600°C)
- catalyst = aluminosilicate w/ potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

“oil alkylation”

A

build up 2 midsize molecules –> bigger one
- enhances % gasoline: 20% –> 40-45%
- catalyst = strong acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

controlled oxidation to hydrocarbons produces…

A

oxygenates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

oxygenates

A

oxygen-containing fuel molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

purpose of oxygenates

A

added to gasoline to reduce CO2 emissions
- benzene and MTBE = eliminated from gas bc of pollution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

advantages of oil

A
  • liquid = easily transported
  • relatively clean (refineries get rid of sulfur and metal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

disadvantages of oil

A
  • oil spills (rigs and transport)
  • grease and oil accumulation in cities and waterways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

burning of coal and oil: which produces more CO2?

A

coal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when will we run out of oil?

A

~40 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

primary oil recovery

A

~10% oil
- oil trapped in wells, natural pressure forces it out of ground

18
Q

secondary oil recovery

A

~10-30% oil
- drilling new wells and injecting water to force it out

19
Q

enhanced oil recovery

A
  • allows oil to be released from rock pores
  • injecting chemicals, steam, CO2, or microbes to lower oil viscosity
20
Q

viscosity

A

resistance of fluid to movement

21
Q

tar sands and oil shales:

A

mixtures of sand + clay + rock
- heating = releases more oil than all others

22
Q

uses for natural gas

A

heating, cooking, electricity generation

23
Q

how do we mine natural gas?

A

hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling

24
Q

gas turbine electric generators

A

gas –> electricity
- reduces CO2 emissions (compared to coal ~40% ↓)

25
Q

advantages of natural gas

A
  • clean fuel
  • little processing
  • easily transported through pipelines
  • sig. lower CO2 emissions
26
Q

disadvantages of natural gas

A
  • requires compressors and/or refrigerators
  • well insulated storage tanks
  • transport has to be able to withstand high pressure
  • still produces large amounts of CH4 (a GHG)
  • health concerns w/ hydraulic fracturing and drilling
27
Q

when will gas run out?

A

~60 years

28
Q

hard coal

A

greater transformation than soft coal
- lower moisture content

29
Q

soft coal

A

less transformation than hard coal
- higher moisture content

30
Q

heating temp for softer coals

A

lower temp bc of increased moisture

31
Q

heating temp for harder coals

A

higher temp bc of decreased moisture

32
Q

advantages of coal

A
  • large amount
  • relatively cheap
  • power plants = ↓ $
33
Q

disadvantages of coal

A
  • hard to transport
  • use in furnaces = pollutes air (soot and SO2)
  • electricity production- emits SO2 and NO –> main sources of acid rain
  • emits ↑ CO2 > oil/gas
  • coal waste products
34
Q

coal waste products

A

ash, fly-ash, stored-ash- in landfills, ponds, or impoundments, coal mines cause contamination

35
Q

fly-ash

A

residue extracted from filters to control air pollution

36
Q

scrubbers

A

capture SO2 in coal production

37
Q

stored-ash

A

in landfills, ponds, or impoundments
- leaching of toxic chemicals

38
Q

disadvantages of coal mines

A

black lung disease, contamination of water supplies (drainage), erodible hill sides from shallow mines

39
Q

“clean coal”

A
  • reducing CO2 emissions w/:
    o carbon capture
    o storage schemes
    o CO2 collection
    o electricity- smokestacks disperse emissions (lessens local air pollution)
40
Q

“combined cycle”

A

produces electricity at high efficiency w/o extracting more coal

41
Q

when will coal run out?

A

~150 years