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3/4 VET HEALTH > 1.Cells and Intro > Flashcards

1.Cells and Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Briefly describe anatomical position

A

standing upright, arms by side and palms facing forwards

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2
Q

what does prone mean

A

lying face down

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3
Q

what does supine mean

A

lying face up

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4
Q

what does superior mean

A

above

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5
Q

what does inferior mean

A

below

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6
Q

what does medial mean

A

middle-closer to midline

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7
Q

what does lateral mean

A

side- further from the midline

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8
Q

what does anterior mean

A

in front

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9
Q

what does posterior mean

A

behind

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10
Q

what does proximal mean

A

closer to origin of a part (often limb)

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11
Q

what does distal mean

A

further from origin of a part (often limb)

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12
Q

what does superficial mean

A

closer to the skin

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13
Q

what does deep mean

A

further from skin

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14
Q

what does internal mean

A

inside

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15
Q

what does external mean

A

outer

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16
Q

what does ventral mean

A

closer to ‘belly’ surface

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17
Q

what does dorsal mean

A

closer to ‘back’ surface

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18
Q

what does palmar mean

A

opposite surface to dorsum of hand

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19
Q

what does plantar mean

A

opposite surface to dorsum of foot

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20
Q

what does cranial mean

A

‘skull’, towards the head

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21
Q

what does occipital mean

A

closer to back

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22
Q

what does bilateral mean

A

paired structures on left and right side of the body

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23
Q

what does unilateral mean

A

unpaired structure on just one side of body

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24
Q

what does ipsilateral mean

A

structures on same side of body

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25
Q

what does contralateral mean

A

structures on opposite side of body

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26
Q

identify two main body cavities

A

ventral and dorsal

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27
Q

three sub categories for ventral cavity

A

thoracic, abdominal and abdominopelvic (pelvic)

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28
Q

two sub categories for dorsal cavity

A

spinal/vertebral and cranial

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29
Q

identify organs of thoracic cavity

A

heart and lungs

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30
Q

identify organs of abdominal cavity

A

-digestive organs
-spleen
-kidney

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31
Q

identify organs of pelvic cavity

A

bladder and reproductive organs

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32
Q

identify organ of vertebral / spinal cavity

A

spinal chord

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33
Q

identify organ of cranial cavity

A

brain

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34
Q

what membrane lines the thoracic cavity

A

pericardium and pleura

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35
Q

what membrane lines the abdominal cavity

A

peritoneum

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36
Q

what membrane lines the pelvic cavity

A

peritoneum

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37
Q

what membrane lines the cranial cavity

A

meninges

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38
Q

what membrane lines the vertebral cavity

A

meninges

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39
Q

identify 4 abdominal quadrants

A

RUQ RLQ LUQ LLQ

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40
Q

large organ in the RUQ is

A

liver

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41
Q

the spleen is in which abdominal quadrant

A

LUQ

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42
Q

Identify planes of division

A

frontal (coronal), sagittal (lateral),transverse (axial)

43
Q

describe frontal plane

A

vertical plane that divides body into front & back portions

44
Q

describe sagittal plane

A

vertical plane that divides body into left and right sides

45
Q

describe transverse plane

A

horizontal plane that divides body into upper and lower portions (CROSS SECTION)

46
Q

frontal /

A

coronal

47
Q

sagittal /

A

lateral

48
Q

transverse/

A

axial

49
Q

describe flexion

A

bending limb or joint to decrease joint ange

50
Q

identify characteristics to maintain life

A

maintain boundaries, reproduction, sensitivity , growth, respiration, excretion, nutrition

(MRS GREN)

51
Q

Describe structure of water

A

H2O
separated into 3 compartments
-plasma, intracellular and intracellular fluid

52
Q

Outline water functions

A

-Transport: blood and nutrients around the body
-Lubrication: joints and cavities
-Regulates body temperature via sweat
-Removes waste:urine & faeces

53
Q

Structure of carbs

A

composed of C,H,O
eg glucose and glycogen

54
Q

Outline carbohydrate functions

A

-Energy production:Glycolysis and respiration
-Energy storage:stored as glycogen
-Build macromolecules:DNA,RNA and fat store
-Sparing protein

55
Q

Structure of lipids

A

(fats), group of substances that are hydrophobic

56
Q

Functions of lipids

A

-insulate/thermoregualation
-protect organs
-secondary energy reserve
-lipid hormones eg glucagon

57
Q

Structure of proteins

A

-made of amino acids (essential & non essential)
-DNA codes for proteins

58
Q

Functions of proteins

A

-repair and maintenance of cells
-additional energy source
-protein hormones
-enzymes
-antibodies

59
Q

what are enzymes

A

protein biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering Ea

60
Q

example of positive feedback loop

A

childbirth (uterine contractions via oxytocin)

61
Q

Outline negative feedback loop

A

stimulus, receptor, control centre, effector, negative feedback

62
Q

aerobic cellular resp equation

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

63
Q

Structure of RBC

A

LARGE SA
biconcave
no nucleus
carries Hb

64
Q

Function of RBC

A

Carry oxygen around body
-no nucleus and biconcave shape allow for oxygen to be carried

65
Q

Structure of sperm

A

long tail and big head

66
Q

Function of sperm

A

fertilise an egg
-long tail aids swimming & big head allows it to bury into egg

67
Q

Structure of ova

A

large and contain cytoplasm

68
Q

Function of ova

A

join with sperm and provide food for zygote
-large means increase chance of finding sperm & cytoplasm allows for growth

69
Q

identify two types of membranes

A

epithelial and connective

70
Q

Identify type of epithelial membrane

A

cutaneous, serous and mucous

71
Q

identify type of connective membranes

A

synovial

72
Q

Structure of epithelial membrane

A

-covers or lines internal structures, cavities
-composed of epithelium attached to layer of skin

73
Q

Function of epithelial membrane

A

-protect underlying tissues
-absorption
-secretion
-receive sensory info

74
Q

Structure of cutaneous membrane

A

skin> epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue

75
Q

Function of cutaneous membrane

A

-provide barriers between internal and external environment-PROTECT

76
Q

Structure of mucous membrane

A

-one or more layers of epithelial cells overlaying a layer of connective tissue

77
Q

Function of mucous membrane

A

-protects (dense barrier and traps foreign particles)
-Lubrication to allow movement of substances eg food

78
Q

Give 3 examples of mucous membranes

A

digestive tract, urinary tract, respiratory tract

79
Q

Structure of serous membrane

A

double layered sac
-parietal and visceral

80
Q

Function of serous membrane

A

secrete lubricating fluid to reduce friction during muscle movements

81
Q

Give 3 examples of serous membranes

A

pleural, peritoneum and pericardium

82
Q

Describe parietal serous membrane

A

Sits on inside of cavity-furthest to the organ

83
Q

Describe visceral serous membrane

A

sits on outside of organ-closest to organ

84
Q

Where are synovial membranes

A

lines cavities of joints that move and surrounding tendons

85
Q

Function of synovial membrane

A

Prevent friction from damaging the tissue by secreting synovial fluid, which acts to lubricate joins

86
Q

example of synovial membrane

A

elbow and knee

87
Q

identify and describe levels of organisation in body

A

cells-smallest unit of living things
tissues-large number of same type of cells
organs-made of at least 2 tissue types
body systems-work together to achieve common function

88
Q

function of nucleolus

A

essential to formation of ribosomes, mostly RNA

89
Q

define gaseous exchange

A

movement of molecules from high to lw concentration down a concentration gradient eg O2

90
Q

define active transport

A

movement of larger molecules from low to high concentration against a concentration gradient
ACTIVE

91
Q

define osmosis

A

movement of water molecules from high to low concentration down a concentration gradient

92
Q

Identify types of body tissue

A

muscle , connective, nervous and epithelial

93
Q

Describe muscle tissue

A

strands that contract and relax to allow for movement

94
Q

Describe nervous tissue

A

transport sensory info from body to brain and motor commands from brain to body

95
Q

Describe connective tissue

A

fibrous strands and a fluid component that holds organs in place and transports nutrients

96
Q

Describe epithelial tissue

A

large sheets of continuous cells that protect internal organs and prevent pathogens entering body

97
Q

Identify 3 types of muscle tissue

A

cardiac, skeletal, smooth

98
Q

Describe cardiac muscle tissue

A

specialised to allow electrical signals to pass
INVOLUNTARY AND STRIATED

99
Q

Describe skeletal muscle tissue

A

movement, stability and posture
VOLUNTARY AND STRIATED

100
Q

Describe smooth muscle tissue

A

lines walls of internal organs
INVOLUNTARY AND NON STRIATED

101
Q

examples of connective tissue

A

adipose tissues, fibrous (tendons and ligaments), blood

102
Q

examples of nervous tissue

A

neuroglia and neurons

103
Q

identify types of epithelial tissue

A

squamous , cuboidal and columnar

104
Q
A

3/4 VET HEALTH (22 decks)

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