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Anatomy and Physiology > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function

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2
Q

Four Basic Tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

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3
Q

Epithelial

A

a sheet of cells that covers body surfaces or cavities

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4
Q

Two Types of Epithelial

A
  • Covering and lining epithelial
  • Glandular epithelia
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5
Q

Glandular Epithelia

A

Secretory tissue in glands

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6
Q

Functions of Epithelial Tissues

A

protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception

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7
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • mainly helped by extracellular matrix
  • connects things and makes up cartilage
  • widest range of properties
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8
Q

Epithelial Tissue Charactertistics

A

Polarity
Specialized contacts
Supported by connective tissues
Avascular, but innervated
Regeneration

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9
Q

Polarity

A

having a top and bottom

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10
Q

Avascular

A

without blood supply

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11
Q

Apical side

A

top ; exposed to cavity

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12
Q

Basal side

A

inwards to body ; connects to connective tissue

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13
Q

Basal Lamina

A

connective tissue that connects to bottom of epithelial tissue

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14
Q

Reticular Lamina

A
  • under basal lamina
  • consists of collagen fibers
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15
Q

Specialized contacts

A
  • have tight junctions and desmosomes that allow formation of sheets of epithelial tissue
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16
Q

Lack of Desmosomes

A

causes blisters

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17
Q

Simple Epithelia

A

a single layer thick

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18
Q

Stratified Epithelia

A

two or more layers thick and involved in protection (example: skin)

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19
Q

Squamous

A

flattened and scale like

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20
Q

Cuboidal

A

box-like, cube

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21
Q

Columnar

A

tall, column-like

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22
Q

Naming in Stratified Epithelial Cells

A

In stratified epithelia, shape can vary in each layer, so cell is named according to the shape in apical layer

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23
Q

Simple Squamous

A

thinnest layer ; makes absorption and secretion fast

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24
Q

Simple Cuboidal

A

Roughly same size for length and
- Forms walls of smallest ducts of glands and many kidney tubules

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25
Q

Simple Columnar

A

Single layer of tall, closely packed cells ; involved in absorption and secretion and have cilia

  • Found in digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands, bronchi, and uterine tubes
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26
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A
  • respiratory eptihelial
  • Cells vary in height and appear to be multi-layered and stratified, but tissue is in fact single-layered simple epithelium
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27
Q

Stratified Squamous

A
  • protective
  • on top of skin and esophagus
  • not good absorption and etc.
28
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A
  • forms lining of hollow urinary organs
  • stretchy and stays waterproof
29
Q

Gland

A

one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion

30
Q

Endocrine

A

internally secreting ; drops stuff straight into circulatory system which negates ducts

31
Q

Exocrine

A

externally secreting

32
Q

Connective Tissue Function

A

-catch all group
- makes most of body
- binding and support, protecting, insulating, storing reserve fuel, and transporting substances (blood)

33
Q

Extracellular Membrane

A

connect muscle to muscle, bone to bone, tissue to tissue

34
Q

What does connective tissue make up?

A

Includes Bone, Blood, fat, and other tissues derived from the mesenchyme

35
Q

Four Main Classes of Connective Tissue

A

Cartilage
Bone
Blood
Connective Tissue Proper

36
Q

What makes connective tissue different from other tissues?

A
  • all arise from mesenchyme tissue as their tissue of origin
    -Have varying degrees of vascularity
    -Cells are suspended/embedded in extracellular matrix
37
Q

What is the function of the matrix?

A

Matrix supports cells so they can bear weight, withstand tension, endure abuse

38
Q

Three Main Elements of of Connective Tissue

A

Ground substance
Fibers
Cells

39
Q

What two substances make up the extracellular matrix?

A

The first two elements (ground substance and fibers)

40
Q

Types of Fibers

A
  • Collages
  • Elastic
  • Reticular
41
Q

Collagen Fiber

A

Strongest and most abundant type

Tough; provides high tensile strength

42
Q

Elastic Fiber

A

long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil

43
Q

Reticular Fiber

A

Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers (different chemistry and form from collagen fibers)
- offer more “give”
- holds water

44
Q

Proper Dense Connective

A
  • makes up tendons and ligments
45
Q

Proper Dense Elastic Connective Tissue

A
  • make up aorta and veins to allow for more flexibility \
46
Q

Proper Dense Irregular Tissue

A

fibers do not run in same direction, hold together bones

47
Q

Proper Loose Adipose

A

fat cells - store and release fat

48
Q

Areolar Connective Tissue

A
  • fat cells are contained
  • Loose fibers allow for increased ground substance, which can act as water reservoir by holding more interstitial fluid
49
Q

Cartilage and 2 features

A
  • made by ground substance, chondrocytes (cartilage cells)
  • avascular and cannot regenerate well
50
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

found in bones

51
Q

Proper Cartilage Elastic

A

stretchier

52
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • found in between your vertebrae
  • contains collagen that makes it extra dense
53
Q

Osseus Tissue

A
  • Bone
  • Supports and protects body structures
  • type of connective tissue
54
Q

Blood

A
  • plasma
55
Q

Ground substance

A

background material within which all other connective tissue elements are embedded. ; consist mainly of water

56
Q

Function of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A
  • attached to and causes movement of bones
  • can be consciously controlled
57
Q

Three types of muscle tissues

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Smooth muscle
58
Q

Myofilaments

A

made up of actin and myosin proteins that bring about contraction

59
Q

Muscle Fiber Features

A

cells that hold multiple nuclei and are striated

60
Q

Cardiac Muscle Fibers Features

A
  • found only in walls of heart
  • involuntary muscle
  • cells have many branches that join branches if other cardiac cells
  • stimulated by each other
  • one nuclei but visible striations
61
Q

Intercalated discs

A

special joints where cardiac cells are joined with gap junctions that allow them to talk to each other

62
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue Features

A
  • found in walls of hollow organs
  • no visible striations
    -involuntary
  • found in glands
  • one nucleus
63
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Main component of nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves)

64
Q

Neurons

A

specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses

65
Q

Glial (Neuroglial) cells

A

support, nourish, and protect the neurons

66
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology (26 decks)

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