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anatomy & physiology > A&P 2 lecture slides > Flashcards

A&P 2 lecture slides Flashcards

1
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons

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2
Q

Atomic mass

A

number of protons & neutrons

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3
Q

The first shell contain

A

2 electrons max

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4
Q

The second shell contains

A

8 electrons max

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5
Q

The third shell contains

A

8 electrons max or 18 electrons max depends on the atomic number

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6
Q

Covalent bonds

A

bonds between atoms where they share electrons

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7
Q

Nonpolar covalent bonds

A

electrons are shared equally between atoms

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8
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

electrons are shared non-equally between atoms

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9
Q

Ionic bonds

A

bond between two ions held together by transfer of electrons (attraction between a positively charged and a negatively charged atom)

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10
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

a weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an oxygen or nitrogen atom (usually between two different molecules)

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11
Q

Ions are

A

atoms that have either a positive charge (cations) or a negative charge (anions)

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12
Q

Chemical reaction

A

when reactants combine to produce one or more products

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13
Q

There are three types of reactions

A

Decomposition reaction/ catabolic reaction – gives off energy

Synthesis reaction/anabolic reaction – requires input of energy

Exchange reaction

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14
Q

Chemical reactions need activation energy in order to take place, special proteins called _______ can lower the activation energy which in turn speeds up the reaction

A

enzymes

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15
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

do not contain hydrogen (H) and carbon (C) together as principle components

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16
Q

Organic compounds

A

do contain hydrogen (H) and carbon (C) together as principle components (Four types 1. carbohydrates, 2. lipids, 3. proteins, 4. nucleic acids)

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17
Q

Waters special 4 properties for the body

A

Solubility
Reactivity
High heat capacity
Lubrification

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18
Q

What is Solubility

A

tendency for many substances to dissolve in water

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19
Q

What is Reactivity

A

it permits chemical reactions to take place within it; it also participates in some reactions e.g. hydrolysis & dehydration

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20
Q

What is High heat capacity

A

ability to absorb and retain heat

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21
Q

What is Lubrification

A

reduces friction between opposing surfaces

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22
Q

Electrolytes

A

soluble inorganic molecules, whose + and - ions conduct an electrical current

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23
Q

Electrolytes are important for

A

nerve impulses, muscles, nerve propagation

24
Q

What are the 4 principal types of organic compounds

A
  1. Carbohydrates (sugars)
  2. lipids (fats)
  3. proteins
  4. nucleic acids
25
Q

what are Monomers

A

simple forms of organic compounds

26
Q

what are Polymers

A

complex forms of organic compounds

27
Q

Carbohydrates

A

are important sources of energy for the body. They contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (C6 H12 O6 Glucose)

28
Q

Carbohydrates monomer is called

A

Monosaccharide

29
Q

Carbohydrates polymer is called

A

Polysaccharide (a long chain of monosaccharides)

30
Q

Lipids

A

includes fats, oils and waxes. Have a carbon to hydrogen ratio of 1:2 but the proportion of oxygen is much less. All are insoluble in water and form essential structures of cells such as the cell membrane

31
Q

What is lipids monomer and polymer

A

Monomer - Glycerol and fatty acids
Polymer - Triglyceride

32
Q

5 Classes of Lipids

A

fatty acids
steroids
phospholipids
glycolipids
tryglycerides

33
Q

Fatty Acids

A

long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached. One end always has a carboxyl group (COOH), The other end has a hydrocarbon tail

34
Q

Two types of fatty acids

A

Saturated
Unsaturated

35
Q

Saturated

A

every carbon holds maximum possible hydrogen atoms

36
Q

Unsaturated

A

some carbons do not have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to them

37
Q

Steroid lipids

A

are important components of cell membranes (e.g. cholesterol). These are structural steroids. Some steroids are hormones and regulate sexual function (testosterone, estrogens). These hormones are chemical signals that are released into our blood circulation

38
Q

Proteins

A

have important functions in the body and comprised of chains of amino acids units(their monomer)

39
Q

What is proteins monomer and polymer

A

Monomer - Amino acids
Polymer - Polypeptide/Protein chain

40
Q

What are the 6 principal types of proteins

A

Structural
Contractile
Transport proteins
Enzymes
Buffering proteins
Antibodies

41
Q

Amino acid monomers are joined together by chemical bonds known as

A

peptide bonds (these are covalent bonds)

42
Q

amino acid chains longer than about 100 amino acids are called

A

proteins

43
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

consist of nucleotides linked into chains or strands by the dehydration synthesis process

44
Q

What is nucleic acids monomer and polymer

A

Monomer - Nucleotide
Polymer - DNA and RNA

45
Q

Nucleotides are composed of three molecules

A

a pentose sugar - either ribose, the sugar in RNA or deoxyribose, the sugar in DNA
a single nitrogenous base, either -adenine (A); guanine (G); cytosine (C); thymine (T) or Uracil (U)
a phosphate group

46
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

To build a polymer by removing a molecule of H2O

47
Q

Hydrolysis

A

To break down polymers by adding a molecule of H2O

48
Q

Why do ionic bonds form

A

This is due to an attraction between positive and negative charges

49
Q

The capture, storage, and release of energy and includes all chemical reactions in the body is due to

A

Metabolism

50
Q

Organisms store energy in the form of

A

polysaccharides

51
Q

A fatty acids carboxyl end

A

associates with water (is hydrophilic)

52
Q

A fatty acids hydrocarbon tail

A

does not associate with water (is hydrophobic)

53
Q

Enzyme

A

special proteins that speed up (catalyze) specific reactions

54
Q

Substrates

A

molecules that interact with an enzyme to form products

55
Q

Active sites

A

sites on an enzyme to which substrates bind

anatomy & physiology (12 decks)

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