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Anatomy & Physiology > A&P 4 lecture slides > Flashcards

A&P 4 lecture slides Flashcards

1
Q

Define Biological Tissues

A

collections of specialized cells & cell products performing a specific function

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2
Q

What are the four principal types of biological tissues

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve

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3
Q

What is the Epithelial tissue

A

layers of cells that covers exposed surfaces; lines internal passageways & chambers; forms glands

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4
Q

What is Connective tissue function

A

fills internal spaces, provides structural support for other tissues, transports material, stores energy reserves especially in the form of lipids, protects delicate organs, defend the body from invading microorganisms, surround and interconnect other types of tissues

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5
Q

What is Muscle tissue function

A

specialized for contraction and produces movement

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6
Q

What is Neural tissue function

A

carries information rapidly from one part of the body to another by electrical-type nerve impulses

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7
Q

What are glands

A

structures that produce fluid secretions (attached to or derived from epithelia)

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8
Q

What are the Epithelium characteristics

A

Cellularity: cells bound together by cell junctions
Polarity: upper parts and lower parts of cell has distinct structures and functions
Attachment: by means of a basal lamina (or basement membrane)
Avascular: no blood vessels
Regeneration: stem cells constantly replenish old and damaged cells

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9
Q

What are the functions of the Epithelial tissue

A

Physical Protection: from abrasion, dehydration, or damage from chemical or biological substances
Absorption: selective absorption and secretion
Sensation: large sensory nerve supply
Specialized Secretions: glandular epithelium secretes onto surface or interstitial fluid or the blood circulation

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10
Q

List the three types of cell junctions and their functions

A

Tight junctions - interlocking membrane proteins; no passage of H20 & solutes between cells (digestive tract)
Gap Junctions - interlocking channel proteins; ions and small molecules can pass (coordinate beating of cilia)
Desmosomes - durable interconnections of most epithelial cells; connection to underlying cytoskeleton (hold the epithelial cells of the skin together

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11
Q

Epithelial cells are held together by

A

cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). These are transmembrane proteins forming junctions between cells

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12
Q

Two major types of glands and their functions

A

Endocrine Glands: release secretions (hormones) the bloodstream Exocrine Glands: release secretions into special ducts & open to epithelial surface

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13
Q

Three modes of secretion and how they happen

A

Merocrine secretion: secretion is released from vesicles by exocytosis
Apocrine secretion: the top portion of the cell accumulates vesicles and then breaks down
Holocrine secretion: the entire cell is packed with secretory vesicles and then the cell bursts

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14
Q

the cell in nerve tissue that transmits impulses is

A

The neuron

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15
Q

cells that help protect, nourish and support neurons are called

A

neuroglia

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16
Q

most neural tissue is found in

A

the brain and spinal cord (control centers)

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17
Q

Main tissue involved in repairing damaged tissue is

A

connective tissue

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18
Q

The main cells involved repairing damaged tissue is

A

Mast cells

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19
Q

What are the two phases in repairing damaged tissue

A

1) Inflammation
2) Regeneration

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20
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissues

A

Skeletal Muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue
Smooth muscle tissue

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21
Q

What are some characteristics of Skeletal Muscle tissue

A

Vertical striations
Many nuclei
Long cylindrical fibers
Voluntary
Has satellite cells which can divide to produce new muscle fibers if the fibers have been damaged

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22
Q

Where are Skeletal Muscle tissue located and what are their functions

A

It’s combined with connective tissues and nervous tissues in skeletal muscles
Function is to move or stabilize the position of the skeleton; guards entrances and exits to the digestive, respiratory and urinary tracts; generates heat; protects internal organs

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23
Q

What are some characteristics of Cardiac Muscle tissue

A

Short branched cells
Usually one nucleus
Limited repairing ability, repairs are incomplete
Vertical striations
Intercalated discs (special cell junctions) between cells
Involuntary

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24
Q

Where are Cardiac Muscle tissue located and what are their functions

A

Located in the heart
Functions to circulate blood; maintains blood (hydrostatic) pressure

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25
Q

What are some characteristics of Smooth Muscle tissue

A

Short and spindle shaped cells
No vertical striations
Single and central nucleus
Can regenerate if damaged
Involuntary

26
Q

Characteristics: Common to all Connective Tissues

A

Main cells are spaced apart from each other and are not joined closely together
Extracellular Matrix is found in the space between cells which is made up of ground substance and protein fibers

27
Q

What is ground substance in the extracellular matrix

A

the fluid, jell-like or hard substance surrounding cells
clear viscous and colorless (a syrupy substance)

28
Q

What are protein fibers in the extracellular matrix

A

long strands of protein fibers in the ground substance (collagen fibers, elastin fibers, reticular fibers)

29
Q

Three major types of connective tissues and their functions

A

Connective tissue proper: binds, packs, and fills tissues (Loose and Dense)
Fluid connective tissue: circulating connective tissue (Blood and Lymph)
Supporting connective tissue: supports and protects (Bone and Cartilage)

30
Q

Cells contained in connective tissue

A

fibroblasts are most common - produces protein fibers two of which are elastin and collagen (very plentiful)
may contain macrophages - fight infection
adipocytes - store triglycerides (fat)
mesenchymal cells - stem cells that can turn into adipocytes, bone cells, or cartilage cells
melanocytes - pigment producing cells
mast cells - cause inflammation and regeneration of damaged connective tissue

31
Q

What are the two fluid connective tissue

A

Blood fluid in cardiovascular system
Lymph fluid in lymphatic system

32
Q

What does blood fluid contain

A

Plasma – watery medium/ground substance
Formed Elements:
Red blood cells (erythrocytes; RBC)
White blood cells (leukocytes; WBC)
Platelets

33
Q

What is lymph

A

extracellular fluid found in the lymphatic vessels

34
Q

Lymph fluid components

A

mostly lymphocytes, macrophages and microphages

35
Q

Function of lymph

A

Maintains levels of nutrients, removes wastes, and toxins; maintains blood volume, alerts immune system to infections in body

36
Q

What are the two connective tissue proper

A

Loose and dense

37
Q

What are the two supporting connective tissues

A

Cartilage & Bone

38
Q

Describe cartilages extracellular matrix

A

a firm gel (ground substance) with embedded protein fibers

39
Q

What are cartilage cells and where are they found

A

Chondrocytes are cartilage cells found in lacunae

40
Q

Fibrous layer surrounding cartilage is called

A

perichondrium

41
Q

Three types of cartilage are

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

42
Q

Hyaline cartilage location and function

A

Located between tips of ribs and bones of sternum; covering bone surfaces at synovial joints; supporting larynx, trachea and bronchi; forming part of nasal septum

Function is to provide stiff but somewhat flexible support; reduces friction between bony surfaces

43
Q

Elastic cartilage location and function

A

Located in auricle of external ear; epiglottis; auditory canal; cuneiform cartilages of larynx

Function is to provide support but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape

44
Q

Fibrocartilage location and function

A

Pads within the knee joint; between pubic bones of pelvis; intervertebral discs

Functions to resist compression; prevents bone to bone contact; limits relative movement

45
Q

Membranes function

A

membranes separate tissues and form barriers

46
Q

What are membranes

A

are compound tissues (have both epithelial & connective tissue together)

47
Q

Four types of membranes and their locations

A

mucous membrane; lines digestive, unrainy, reproductive and respiratory tracts. Is moist, secretes mucous
serous membrane: lines the body cavities
cutaneous membrane: cutaneous membrane is the skin
synovial membrane; lines a joint cavity & provides synovial fluid to nourish and lubercate cartilage

48
Q

What is fascia

A

sheets of connective tissue mostly made of collagen lying beneath the skin. It stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and other internal organs

49
Q

Adipose tissue location and function (loose connective)

A

Located deep in the skin; buttocks; breasts; padding around eyeballs and kidneys

It provides padding and cushions shocks; insulates; stores energy reserves

50
Q

Reticular tissue location and function (loose connective)

A

Locates in the liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow

Provides supporting framework

51
Q

Dense regular connective tissue location and function

A

Located between skeletal muscles and skeleton(tendons); between bones or stabilizing potions of internal organs(ligaments); covering skeletal muscles; deep fascia

Provides firm attachment; conducts pull of muscles; reduces friction between muscles; stabilizes relative position of bones

52
Q

Dense regular elastic tissue (connective) location and function

A

Located between vertebrae of the spinal column; ligaments supporting penis; ligaments supporting transitional epithelia; in blood vessel walls

Stabilizes positions of vertebrae and penis; cushions shocks; permits expansion and contraction of organs

53
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue location and function

A

Located in capsules of visceral organs; periostea and perichondria; nerve and muscle sheaths; dermis

Provides strength to resist forces applied from many directions; helps prevent overexpansion of organs such as the urinary bladder

54
Q

What are the three simple epithelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium

55
Q

What are the three stratified simple epithelium

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Stratified columnar epithelium

56
Q

Simple squamous epithelium location and function

A

Locates in the mesothelia lining ventral body cavities; endothelia lining the heart and blood vessel; portions of kidneys tubules; inner lining of the cornea; alveoli of lungs

Functions to reduce friction; controls vessel permeability; performs absorption and secretion

57
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium location and function

A

Located in the glands; ducts; portions of the kidney tubules; thyroid gland

Functions is limited protection, secretion, absorption

58
Q

Simple columnar epithelium location and function

A

Located in the lining of the stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubers and collection ducts of kidneys

Function is protection, secretion and absorption
Also contains microvilli

59
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium location and function

A

Located in the surface if the skin, lining of the mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus and vagina

Function is to provide physical protection against abrasion, pathogens and chemical attack

60
Q

Transitional epithelium location and function

A

Located in the urinary bladder, renal pelvis; uterus

Function is it permits expansion and recoil after stretching

61
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium location and function

A

Located in the lining of the nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi; portions of the male reproductive tract

Function is protection and secretion
Also contains cilia

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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