Lec 2 : history Flashcards
Norio Taniguchi (1974)
First use of the term “nanotechnology”.
Ultrafine machining in material processing
Richard Feynman (1959)
Successive miniaturization to achieve atomic-level precision.
K.Eric Drexler (1987)
“molecular assemblers”: Molecular assemblers are hypothetical nanoscale machines or devices capable of precisely arranging individual atoms and molecules to create complex structures with atomic-level precision.
Electron Microscopes (1930s)
High energy electron beams (short wavelengths). Capable of resolving nanoscale features
Scanning Tunneling Microscope (1981)
Based on electron tunneling microscope, first time capable of resolving single atoms.
Precise positioning of atoms and the creation of nanoscale structures.
Used by IBM using xenon atoms to spell IBM.
Atomic Force Microscope (1986)
Based on short-ranged forces on probe tip. Capable of resolving and manipulating atoms and molecules.
Uses a tiny probe with a sharp tip to gently touch the surface of a material and measure the forces between the tip and the atoms or molecules on that surface, allowing scientists to create detailed images and study the properties of objects at the atomic and molecular scale.
Moore’s Law (1965)
Observation that the number of transistors (tiny switches that process and store information) on a computer chip tends to double approximately every two years, which leads to the continuous improvement of computer performance, such as making computers faster and more capable, while also reducing their cost and size over time.
Sustaining the historical rate of transistor doubling would become increasingly challenging beyond a certain point due to physical limitations at the nanoscale, increasing production costs, and issues related to power consumption and heat generation.
Nanomaterials
Nanoscale structures in unprocessed form
ex. nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, nanoporous materials
Nanointermediates
Intermediate products with nanoscale features
ex. coatings, fabrics, memory, logic chips, superconducting wire
Nano-enabled products
Finished goods incorporating nanotechnology
ex. cars, clothing, airplanes, computers, devices, pharmaceuticals, processed food
Woodrow Wilson Institute
Non-partisan institution for in-depth research and dialogue to inform actionable ideas on global issues.
Nanodatabase
Collection of data and the scientific assessments of nanomaterials used in various consumer products and the NanoRiskCat categorization.
Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies (PEN)
Provide independent, objective knowledge and analysis that can inform critical decisions affecting the development and commercialization of nanotechnologies.
