Lecture 5 - human health

Question 1

Toxicology

Answer 1

Study of effects, antidotes, detection, etc. of poisons

Question 2

Factors affecting toxicity

Answer 2

Dose, concentration, duration, frequency of exposure, exposure site and route, chemical state

Question 3

Acute health effects

Answer 3

develop right away

Question 4

Chronic health effects

Answer 4

long-term

Question 5

Natural barriers in human body

Answer 5

Mucous, membranes, skin, epithelial cell linings.
The larger the particle sizes the lower the ability to penetrate natural barriers.

Question 6

Dermal Absorption

Answer 6

Penetration of nanoparticles into the living cells of the epidermal and dermal layers

Question 7

Nanoneedles and scalpels

Answer 7

Atomic force microscope with a nanoneedle tip has been used to perform surgery on living cells

Question 8

Laser scalpels

Answer 8

Ultra-fast IR (infared) lasers used to ablate living tissue on the nanoscale without killing adjacent cells

Question 9

Selective surgery of tagged cells

Answer 9

Laser ablation of gold nanoparticles bound to cancer cells

Question 10

Targeted drug delivery

Answer 10

Nanobased materials, e.g. hydrophobic drugs in aqueous medium of human body, reducing drug degradation // delivering toxic chemotherapy drugs only to cancer cells and not healthy cells surrounding it // time controlled release of drugs

Question 11

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs)

Answer 11

nano-sized particles made of iron and oxygen that can become strongly magnetic when placed in a magnetic field, but lose their magnetism when the field is removed.