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MD2S3: Physiology 203 > Anterior Pituitary Hormones > Flashcards

Anterior Pituitary Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of somatotropin/GH?

A

Bone and Muscle Growth

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2
Q

Where is GH produced?

A

By somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland

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3
Q

GH is structurally similar to …

A

… prolactin

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4
Q

What is IGF-1?

A

Molecules secreted in response to GH which mediate actions and regulation of GH

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5
Q

What class of molecules are IGF-1?

A

Somatomedins

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6
Q

What molecule is IGF-1 structurally similar to?

A

Insulin

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7
Q

Is GH or IGF-1 measured for assessing GH deficiency?

A

IGF-1 is measured since they do not fluctuate through the day

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8
Q

Which cells are signalled to grow after IGF-1 secretion?

A

Cells with adequate nutrients undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy

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9
Q

What effect do IGF-1 and GH have on bone growth in children?

A

Stimulate linear bone growth at the epiphyseal plate

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10
Q

How do IGF-1 and GH affect muscle growth?

A

Stimulate myocyte hypertrophy
Increase protein synthesis

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11
Q

What effect do GH and IGF-1 have on blood glucose concentrations?

A

Increase serum glucose

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12
Q

How do GH and IGF-1 increase serum glucose concentration?

A

Increase hepatic gluconeogenesis
Increase lipolysis and lipid oxidation
Antagonize the action of insulin

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13
Q

What factors may increase GH levels?

A

Sleep
Hypoglycemia
Stress
Increased ghrelin levels

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14
Q

What factors may decrease GH levels?

A

Aging
Obesity
Glucose

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15
Q

What is dwarfism?

A

Generalized deficiency of anterior pituitary hormone secretion

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16
Q

What is a characteristic of dwarfism during puberty?

A

Does not reach puberty due to gonadotropin deficiency

17
Q

What are potential causes of dwarfism?

A

GH deficiency
Inability to form somatomedin C

18
Q

What is gigantism?

A

Excess GH secretion before puberty

19
Q

What is a potential cause of gigantism?

A

Tumors in anterior pituitary at GH secreting centers

20
Q

What are potential side-effects of gigantism?

A

Hyperglycemia

21
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Excess GH after puberty

Because GH is secreted after puberty, the person cannot grow taller

22
Q

What are the signs of acromegaly?

A

Bones of hands, feet, cranium, supra orbital ridges, nose, vertebrae, jaw grow
Kidney, lungs and tongue increase in size

Kyphosis (Hunching of the back) is caused by increased growth of vertebrae

23
Q

Functions of prolactin

A

Milk production + Mammary Gland Development
Enhances maternal nurturing behaviours (cuddling, protection, grooming)
Reproduction
Nerve Formation
Fetal Development

24
Q

Where is prolactin produced?

A

Lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland
Also produced at extra-pituitary sites

25
Q

Which tissues are affected by prolactin?

A

Breast
Pituitary
Indirect influence of gonads

26
Q

What impact does prolactin have on sex hormones?

A

Depresses sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)

27
Q

Relation between prolactin and autoimmunity

A

Prolactin suppresses negative selection of B cells
Makes immune system more likely to attack native cells
Causes higher incidence of autoimmune diseases in childbearing age women and postpartum women

28
Q

Positive regulators of prolactin secretion

A

Nipple stimulation
Estrogen
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

29
Q

Negative regulators of prolactin secretion

A

Dopamine
Progesterone

30
Q

How does prolactin level effect sex hormone production?

A

Prolactin inhibits GnRH production
GnRH production inhibits LH and FSH secretion

31
Q

How does dopamine reduce prolactin secretion?

A

Prolactin increases dopamine production in hypothalamus
Dopamine inhibits prolactin

32
Q

How does progesterone reduce prolactin secretion?

A

Inhibits prolactin at level of peripheral receptor

MD2S3: Physiology 203 (13 decks)

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