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Pathology > Cell Injury & Adaptation > Flashcards

Cell Injury & Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

Fill in the blank boxes:

A

a) adaptation
b) cell injury

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2
Q

Fill in the blank boxes:

A

a) reversible cell injury
b) sub cellular alterations

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3
Q

Fill in the blank boxes:

A

a) necrosis
b) apoptosis

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4
Q

Label A-D:

A

a) hypertrophy
b) hyperplasia
c) atrophy
d) metaplasia

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5
Q

Increase in the size of an organ without an increase in the cell number:

A

Hypertrophy

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6
Q

Pure hypertrophy usually occurs only in:

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. Cardiac muscle
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7
Q

What can be seen in this image?

A

Hypertrophy of cardiac muscle

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8
Q

Label each of the following stages of cardiac muscle:

A

Normal –> Early hypertrophy –> advanced hypertrophy

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9
Q

What does the image on the right show, compared to the cardiac muscle on the left?

A

Hypertrophy (vs. normal cardiac muscle)

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10
Q

The increase in size of a tissue or organ due to an increased number of cells:

A

Hyperplasia

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11
Q
  • Erythroid bone marrow hyperplasia at high altitude

This is an example of:

A

hyperplasia that are physiologic

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12
Q
  • epithelial hyperplasia caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV)

This is an example of:

A

hyperplasia that is pathologic

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13
Q
  • an enlarged. uterus of pregnancy, myometrial smooth muscle cells are increased not only in number but also in size

This is an example of:

A

hyperplasia that is combined with hypertrophy

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14
Q
  • Cyclic enlargement of the endometrium and breast during the menstrual cycle

This is an example of:

A

hyperplasia that is physiologic

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15
Q
  • regrowth of liver parenchyma after surgical excision is compensatory

This is an example of:

A

hyperplasia that is physiologic

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16
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Epithelial hyperplasia- papilloma

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17
Q

A papilloma is an example of:

A

epithelial hyperplasia

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18
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Endothelial hyperplasia- pyogenic granuloma

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19
Q

A pyogenic granuloma is an example of:

A

Endothelial hyperplasia

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20
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Fibrous hyperplasia- fibromoma

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21
Q

A fibroma is an example of:

A

Fibrous hyperplasia

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22
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Fibrous hyperplasia- epulis fissuratum

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23
Q

An epulis fissuratum is an example of:

A

Fibrous hyperplasia

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24
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Epithelial & Fibrous hyperplasia- inflammatory papillary hyperplasia

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25
Q

Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia is an example of:

A

Epithelial & fibrous hyperplasia

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26
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Osseous hyperplasia- sub-pontic osseous hyperplasia

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27
Q

Sub-pontic osseous hyperplasia is an example of:

A

Osseous hyperplasia

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28
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Osseous hyperplasia- exostoses

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29
Q

Esostoses is an example of:

A

Osseous hyperplasia

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30
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Hyperplasia- Gingival enlargement

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31
Q

Gingival enlargement is an example of:

A

Hyperplasia

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32
Q

What can cause gingival enlargement (hyperplasia)?

A

Poor oral hygiene and diabetes

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33
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Drug-induced gingival enlargement

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34
Q

What medications may cause drug-induced gingival enlargement?

A

-Procardia
-Cyclosporin
-Dilantin

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35
Q

-inflammatory hyperplasia
-drug-induced enlargement
-leukemic infiltrates
-amyloid infiltration
-klippel-trenaunay-weber syndrome
-juvenile hyaline fibromatosis
-cowden syndrome
-wegener granulomatosis
-hereditary gingival enlargement

These are all syndromes/diseases that can cause/be present with:

A

Gingival enlargement

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36
Q

List 6 conditions that may cause or be present with gingival enlargement:

A
  1. Leukemic infiltrates
  2. Amyloid infiltration
  3. Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome
  4. Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis
  5. Cowden syndrome
  6. Wegener granulomatosis
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37
Q

Gingival enlargement is an example of:

A

Hyperplasia

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38
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Condylar hyperplasia

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39
Q

Idiopathic unilateral growth of the mandibular condyle is an example of:

A

Condylar hyperplasia

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40
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Condylar hyperplasia

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41
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Condylar hyperplasia

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42
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Hyperplastic dental follicle

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43
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Hyperplasia of the male breast- gynecomastia

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44
Q

Gynecomastia is an example of:

A

Hyperplasia

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45
Q

The reduction in size of cells, tissues or organs:

A

Atrophy

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46
Q

Atrophy can be ____ or ____

A

Pathologic or physiologic

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47
Q

Atrophy of skeletal muscle following denervation is an example of ____ atrophy:

A

Pathologic

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48
Q

Atrophy to the brain due to ischemia is an example of ____ atrophy:

A

Pathologic

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49
Q

Atrophy of the uterus after pregnancy is an example of ____ atrophy:

A

Physiologic

50
Q

Involution of the thymus in early adult life is an example of _____ atrophy:

A

Physiologic

51
Q

Pathologic atrophy may result from: (6)

A
  1. Disuse
  2. Denervation
  3. Lack of trophic hormones
  4. Ischemia
  5. Malnutrition
  6. Idiopathic
52
Q

Give an example of idiopathic, pathologic atrophy:

A

Parry-Romberg Syndrome

53
Q

Atherosclerotic disease is an example of:

A

Atrophy of brain

54
Q

Alzheimers disease is an example of:

A

Cerebral atrophy

55
Q

Loss of alveolar bone in edentulous patients is an example of:

A

Atrophy

56
Q

Parry-Romberg syndrome results in:

A

Progressive hemifacial atrophy

57
Q

The replacement of one mature cell type by another one:

A

Metaplasia

58
Q

Metaplasia generally represents a change to a “______” cell type

A

Tougher

59
Q

Replacement of bronchial stratified columnar epithelium by squamous epithelium is an example of ______ that occurs in ____

A

Squamous metaplasia; smokers

60
Q

______ of the esophagus, called Barrett esophagus is caused by chronic irritation by gastric juices in gastroesophageal reflux:

A

intestinal metaplasia

61
Q

Metaplasia is generally ____ and the tissue _____

A

Reversible; reverts to its normal state after the irritant is removed

62
Q

What may occur if the irritant is not removed in cases of metaplasia?

A

Metaplasia may progress to dysplasia and then to frank neoplasia

63
Q

What two ways may cells response to non-lethal injury?

A
  1. adaptive
  2. non-adaptive
64
Q

If the cell responds to non-lethal injury by hyperplasia (increase in cell number) this is an example of:

A

Adaptive response

65
Q

If the cell responds to non-lethal injury by hypertrophy (increase in cell size) this is an example of:

A

Adaptive response

66
Q

If the cell responds to non-lethal injury by atrophy (reduction in cell size) this is an example of:

A

Adaptive response

67
Q

If the cell responds to non-lethal injury by metaplasia ( replacement of mature cell to a “tougher” cell type) this is an example of:

A

Adaptive response

68
Q

-Hyperplasia
-Hypertrophy
-Atrophy
-Metaplasia

These are all examples of _____ responses to nonlethal injury

A

Adapative

69
Q

-Agenesis
-Aplasia
-Hypoplasia

These are all examples of ____ responses to nonlethal injury

A

Non-adaptive

70
Q

If the cell responds to non-lethal injury by agenesis this is an example of:

A

Non-adaptive response

71
Q

If the cell responds to non-lethal injury by aplasia this is an example of:

A

Non-adaptive response

72
Q

If the cell responds to non-lethal injury by hypoplasia this is an example of:

A

Non-adaptive response

73
Q

Congenitally missing teeth are an example of:

A

Agenesis

74
Q

The incomplete developnment of an organ:

A

Hypoplasia

75
Q

If an organ never reaches its normal size this is an example of:

A

Hypoplasia

76
Q

Regional odontodysplasia is an example of:

A

Aplasia/hypoplasia

77
Q

Abnormal formation:

A

Dysplasia

78
Q

List some examples of dysplasia:

A
  1. epithelial dysplasia
  2. ectodermal dysplasia
  3. fibro-osseous dysplasia
  4. fibrous dysplasia
  5. regional odontodysplasia
  6. dentin dysplasia type I
79
Q

List the stages in the cellular response to stress and injury:

A

1) adaptation
2) cell injury
3) reversible injury
4) irreversible injury
5) cell death

80
Q

Fill in the blank in the following image:

A

Morphologic alterations

81
Q

If irreversible injury occurs, in what ways might cell death occur?

A
  1. necrosis
  2. apoptosis
82
Q

Fatty liver change is an example of a:

A

Reversible change

83
Q

Necrosis & apoptosis are examples of:

A

Irreversible changes

84
Q

Enzymatic digestion and leakage of cellular contents:

A

Necrosis

85
Q

Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and fragments:

A

Apoptosis

86
Q

Nuclear changes that signal cell death in necrosis include:

A
  1. pyknosis
  2. karyorrhexis
  3. karyolysis
87
Q

A small dark and shrunken nucleus that is a sign of necrosis:

A

Pyknosis

88
Q

Nuclear fragmentation that is a sign of necrosis:

A

Karyorrhexis

89
Q

Dissolution of the nucleus that is a sign of necrosis:

A

Karyolysis

90
Q

Label each of the following cells.

What do these cells signify?

A

Top: pyknosis
Middle: karyorrhexis
Bottom: karyolysis

Necrosis

91
Q

What does this image show?

A

Pyknosis

92
Q

What does this image show?

A

Karyorrhexis

93
Q

This amorphis area shown in the image signifies:

A

Karyolysis

94
Q

____ tells you how cells have died

A

The cytoplasm

95
Q

The cytoplasm tells you how cells have died by _____ necrosis or _____ necrosis

A

Coagulation necrosis or Liquefaction necrosis

96
Q

General tissue patterns of necrosis include:

A
  1. Coagulative necrosis
  2. Liquefactive necrosis
  3. Caseous necrosis
  4. Fat necrosis
97
Q

Type of necrosis typically seen in hypoxic injury such as a myocardial infarct:

A

Coagulative necrosis

98
Q

Type of necrosis typically seen in bacterial infections and cerebral infarct:

A

Liquefactive necrosis

99
Q

Type of necrosis in which necrotic tissue is converted into a cheesy mass (tuberculosis):

A

Caseous necrosis

100
Q

Caseous necrosis is characteristic of what disease?

A

Tuberculosis

101
Q

Type of necrosis characteristically seen in acute pancreatitis:

A

Fat necrosis

102
Q

Programmed cell death that occurs through activation of an internal suicide program:

A

Apoptosis

103
Q

Enzyme responsible for apoptosis:

A

Caspases

104
Q

Apoptosis _____ eliminates unwanted cells with _____ to the surrounding cells

A

selectively; minimal disturbance

105
Q

With apoptosis, _____ remains intact, but its ____ is altered so that it becomes the target for _____

A

Plasma membrane; structure; phagocytosis

106
Q

In apoptosis, the dead cell is rapidly cleared before its contents have leaked out and therefore:

A

Does not elicit an inflammatory reaction

107
Q

Apoptosis may be ______ or ______

A

physiologic or pathologic

108
Q

Programmed destruction of cells during embryogenesis is an example of ______ apoptosis

A

physiologic

109
Q

Hormone-dependent involution of tissues in the adult is an example of ______ apoptosis

A

physiologic

110
Q

Deletion of potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes is an example of ______ apoptosis

A

physiologic

111
Q

Cell death induced by cytotoxic T-cells (virally-infected or neoplastic cells) is an example of ______ apoptosis

A

physiologic

112
Q

When DNA repair mechanisms can’t cope with damage, resulting in apoptosis this is an example of ______ apoptosis

A

pathologic

113
Q

Cell death in certain viral infections (hepatitis) is an example of ______ apoptosis

A

pathologic

114
Q

Pathologic atrophy in organs after obstruction is an example of ______ apoptosis

A

pathhologic

115
Q

Cell death in tumors is an example of ______ apoptosis

A

pathologic

116
Q

Exogenous pigments include:

A
  1. carbon (anthracosis)
  2. tattooing
117
Q

Endogenous pigments include:

A
  1. lipofuscin
  2. Melanin
  3. hemosiderin (hemoglobin-derived)
  4. bilirubin
118
Q

The abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissue:

A

Pathologic calcifications

119
Q

What are the two categories of pathologic calcification?

A
  1. dystrophic calcification
  2. metastatic calcification
120
Q

Calcification that occurs in non-viable or dying tissues in the presence of normal serum calcium levels:

A

Dystrophic calcification

121
Q

Calcification that occurs in viable tissues and is associated with hypercalcemia:

A

Metastatic calcification

122
Q
A

Pathology (28 decks)

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