Physical Examination of Urine Flashcards by SHEKINAH MOLO | Brainscape

Q

Preferred container for Urine Specimen in Adults:

A

Disposable, wide-mouthed, flat-bottom containers with screw caps

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Q

What is the capacity of a usual container for Urine Specimen?

A

50ml capacity

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Q

If the patient is pediatric, what type of container is used for the collection of Urine Sample?

A

Adhesive bags

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Q

If collecting a 24-hour specimen, what type of container is used to collect Urine Sample?

A

Large plastic bag

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Q

True or False:

We do not have to wear gloves when working or handling the urine specimen.

A

False

We have to wear gloves when working with urine specimens.

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Q

What are the information placed on the Label?

A

Patient’s Name
ID Number
Date
Time
Additional Information: Age, Location, Physician

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Q

Where is the Label placed?

A

The label is placed on the container, not on the lid.

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Q

Reasons why a Specimen is rejected:

A

▪Unlabeled containers
▪Non-matching labels and requisitions
▪Contaminated specimens
▪Contaminated containers
▪Insufficient quantity
▪Delayed or improper transport

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Q

It checks for the metabolic end products that provides useful information on the disease state of the individual.

A

Urinalysis

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Q

It is the first information contained on a Routine Urinalysis report.

A

Physical Examination of the Urine

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Q

The Physical Examination on Urine provides initial information on the health status of the patient based on the following parameters:

A

Urine Odor
Color
Transparency
pH
Specific Gravity
Volume

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Q

Freshly voided Urine has a what type of Odor?

A

Faint odor of aromatic compounds

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Q

_____ odor becomes predominant as the Urine Specimen stands.

A

Ammoniacal

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Q

Bacterial Infections in Urine produces what Odor?

A

Foul, pungent odor

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Q

Diabetic ketosis in Urine produces what Odor?

A

Sweet or fruity odor

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Q

What is the Normal Color of the Urine?

A

Yellow

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Q

Factors that cause variation in Urine Color?

A

Diet
Physical Activity
Medication
Disease

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Q

A Normal Yellow Urine may also contain analyte that signifies a disease such as:

A

Glucose
Ketones

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Q

The general term pertaining to the Clarity of the specimen.

A

Transparency

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Q

Transparency of the Urine is determined by _____

A

Visually examining the mixed specimen while holding it in front of light source.

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Q

The transparency of a freshly voided Normal Urine is usually _____

A

Clear

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Q

White Cloudiness on the Urine Transparency may appear because of the presence of:

A

Amorphous urates
Phosphates
Carbonates
Calcium oxalate
Uric acid crystals

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Q

Identify the Urine Clarity based on the given descriptions:

No visible particulates, transparent.

A

Clear

Q

Identify the Urine Clarity based on the given descriptions:

Few particulates, print easily seen through urine.

A

Hazy

Q

Identify the Urine Clarity based on the given descriptions:

Many particulates, print is blurred through urine.

A

Cloudy

Q

Identify the Urine Clarity based on the given descriptions:

Print cannot be seen through urine.

A

Turbid

Q

Identify the Urine Clarity based on the given descriptions:

May precipitate or be clotted.

A

Milky

Q

The Four most common substances that cause turbidity aside from Amorphous crystals are:

A

White Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells
Epithelial Cells
Bacteria

Q

Fill in the blanks:

The clarity of a specimen certainly provides a key to microscopic examination results because the _____ should correspond with the amount of material observed under the microscope.

A

Degree of turbidity

Q

Fill in the blanks:

The clarity of a specimen certainly provides a key to microscopic examination results because the degree of turbidity should correspond with _____.

A

The amount of material observed under the microscope

Q

It is the reflection of the ability of the kidney to maintain normal hydrogen ion concentration in plasma and extracellular fluid.

A

pH

Q

Fill in the blanks:

Normal adults with normal fluid intake will produce urine with a specific gravity of _____ during a 24 hours period.

A

1.016 to 1.022

Q

Fill in the blanks:

Normal adults with normal fluid intake will produce urine with a specific gravity of 1.016 to 1.022 during _____

A

24 hours period

Q

What are the Methods used to measure the Specific Gravity of a Urine?

A

Refractometry
Reagent Strip
Hydrometry

Q

It is based on the measurement of the refractive index of a solution which is related to the content of dissolved solids present.

A

Refractometry

Q

Refractometry Method to measure the Specific Gravity of a urine used what type of instrument?

A

Refractometer

Q

It is an indirect colorimetric determination of the Specific Gravity.

A

Reagent Strip

Q

The method detects only the ionic solutes present in the Urine Specimen.

A

Reagent Strip

Q

The Reagent Strip Method used to measure the Specific Gravity of a Urine is a chemical method consists of a _____ impregnated with a _____, _____, and _____.

A

Reagent test pad
Polyelectrolyte
pH indicator
Maintained at an alkaline pH

Q

It is based on the determination of Urine’s Density at room temperature.

A

Hydrometry

Q

Principle of Hydrometry Method:

A

Density

Q

Major disadvantage of using Urinometer to measure the Specific Gravity of the Urine:

A

Requires a large volume (10-15ml)

Q

The Hydrometry Method used to measure the Specific Gravity of the Urine uses what type of Instrument?

A

Urinometer (Hydrometer)

Q

If the Litmus Paper turns blue the urine is _____

A

Alkaline

Q

If the Litmus Paper turns red the urine is _____

A

Acidic

Q

If the Litmus Paper turns _____ the urine is alkaline.

A

Blue

Q

If the Litmus Paper turns _____ the urine is acidic.

A

Red

Q

What is the step-by-step procedure to check for the Color and Clarity of the Urine?

A

Evaluate an adequate volume of specimen.
Use a well-mixed urine specimen.
Transfer and view the urine through a clear container.
View the urine against a white background using adequate room lighting.
Record the result.

Q

What is the step-by-step procedure in testing for the pH of the Urine using a Litmus Paper?

A

Dip a small strip of litmus paper into the urine specimen.
Observe for the reaction. Litmus paper turns blue if urine is alkaline and red if acidic.
Record the results.

Q

What is the step-by-step procedure in testing for the pH of the Urine using a Nitrazine Paper?

A

Dip a small strip of nitrazine paper into the urine specimen.
Remove and stand for one minute.
Compare with the color chart. The pH reads from 4.5 (yellow) to 7.5 (blue).
Record the results.

Q

What is the step-by-step procedure in testing for the Specific Gravity of the Urine using a Hydrometer or Urinometer?

A

Mix the urine and allow it to come to room temperature.
Fill the glass cylinder designed for specific gravity determination 3/4 full of urine.
Remove foam using a piece of filter paper
Place the urinometer float inside the cylinder and position the glass cylinder at an eye level.
Rotate the float without touching the sides of the cylinder.
Read the scale of the stem of the float at the lower meniscus of the urine to get the specific gravity reading.
Record the reading.

Q

What is the step-by-step procedure in testing for the Specific Gravity of the Urine using a Refractometer? (Scale Adjustment)

A

Before measuring the urine specific gravity, the instrument should be checked as follows:
Raise the daylight plate and place a few drops of distilled water on the face of the prism. Close the cover plate gently.
Bring the scale into focus by turning the eyepiece. If the boundary line does not coincide with 1.000 line of 1.333 line, make an adjustment by turning the scale adjusting screw.

Q

What is the step-by-step procedure in testing for the Specific Gravity of the Urine using a Refractometer? (Measuring Method)

A

Open the daylight plate and place one or two drops of the sample on the prism surface. Close the daylight plate gently so that the plate comes into contact with the prism.
Point the end of the refractometer in the direction of a bright light, rotate the eyepiece while looking through it until the image is correctly adjusted and the scale become cleanly visible.
A boundary line, which separates the brighter and darker sides at the upper and lower portions respectively, appears in the field of vision.
-The reading is shown by this boundary line and indicates the Urine Specific Gravity (or Refractive Index)

Q

The Reagent Strip reaction is based on the change in _____ in an alkaline medium.

A

pKa (dissociation constant) of a polyelectrolyte

Q

What is the step-by-step procedure in testing for the Specific Gravity of the Urine using a Reagent Strip?

A

Mix the urine specimen.
Remove a reagent strip from the storage container and close the container.
Immerse the entire strip in the urine.
Remove the strip and blot the edge on absorbent paper to remove excess urine.
Start a timer and read reactions at appropriate time intervals by comparing the reagent strip colors to the color chart on the reagent container.
Record the results.