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behavioral neuroscience > Neurochemistry > Flashcards

Neurochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

action potential reaches the pre-synaptic terminal

A

voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open
Ca2+ enters terminal
Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane
release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft=exocytosis

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2
Q

steps of exocytosis

A

vesicles
SNARE proteins
voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open
Ca2+ sensor

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3
Q

vesicles

A

packets of neurotransmitters

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4
Q

SNARE proteins

A

v-SNARES and t-SNARES
docked at presynaptic membrane, waiting to fuse

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5
Q

Ca2+ sensor

A

synaptotagmin
fusion and neurotransmitter release

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6
Q

If someone is exposed to a toxin that changes neurotransmitter release at muscles, they may experience ______
A. Muscle weakness or paralysis
B. Muscle tightening or spasms
C. Death

A

D. All of the above

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7
Q

neurotransmitters

A

basis of communication between neurons
many different chemicals act as neurotransmitters in brain: glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine
each neuron uses one (or maybe two or three!) neurotransmitters; different neurons use different neurotransmitters
each neurotransmitter can trigger a different effect on the post-synaptic cell

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8
Q

neurotransmitter production

A

neurons must synthesize their neurotransmitter and move it to vesicles
a specific enzyme (protein) is involved in producing each neurotransmitter
often, that enzyme converts an amino acid we derive from our diet into a neurotransmitter

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9
Q

neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft

A

neurotransmitters diffuse across until they reach the post-synaptic membrane
extra neurotransmitter is degraded by enzymes, or taken up by presynaptic terminals or astrocytes

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10
Q

post-synaptic density

A

dendrites/spines have post-synaptic densities with receptors
neurotransmitters bind to receptors on post-synaptic membrane

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11
Q

ionotropic receptors

A

ligand-gated ion channels
chemically activated by neurotransmitter binding
coupled to G-proteins, which in turn couple to other enzymes/channels (GPCR)
slower biochemical changes within the cell (second messenger systems)

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12
Q

metabotropic receptors

A

receptor activates G-protein (so also called G-protein coupled receptor)

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13
Q

agonist

A

an naturally occurring molecule (ligand) or drug can bind to the receptor and open in

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14
Q

unbound receptor

A

receptors are normally closed

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15
Q

antagonists

A

some substances bind to receptors but do not activate them. instead, they simply block agonists from binding to the receptors

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16
Q

Ligand-gated ion channels are activated by ____
A. Ions
B. Neurotransmitters
C. Voltage
D. Temperature

A

B. neurotransmitters

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17
Q

neurotransmitters/receptors open post-synaptic ion channels

A

cation (Na+, K+, Ca2+) or anion (Cl-) channels

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18
Q

post-synaptic potential (PSP)

A

electrically charged ions cross membrane
excitatory or inhibitory PSP
PSP can spread through dendrite to cell body and axon hillock

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19
Q

excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)

A

cations flow in-> depolarize the neuron

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20
Q

inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)

A

anions flow in-> hyperpolarize the neuron

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21
Q

Whether a PSP is excitatory or inhibitory depends on the
____
A. Type of neurotransmitter released
B. Size and shape of the action potential
C. Type of voltage-gated channel that opens

A

A. type of neurotransmitter released
C. type of voltage-gated channel that opens

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22
Q

cations enter cell

A

membrane potential becomes less negative
depolarizes (less polarized)
excitatory post-synaptic potential

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23
Q

anions enter cell (or cations exit)

A

membrane potential becomes more negative
hyperpolarizes (more polarized)
inhibitory post-synaptic potential

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24
Q

summation and integration

A

dendrites receive contacts from many neurons
individual EPSP/IPSP is very small and graded

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25
Q

summation

A

combining signals

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26
Q

integration

A

translating signals into a decision on whether to send an output to the next neurons
many excitatory and inhibitory inputs are summed
if the sum reaches threshold potential, an action potential is triggered
action potentials begin at the axon hillock (initial segment of the axon)

27
Q

spatial summation

A

occurs if potentials come from different parts of cell

28
Q

temporal summation

A

occurs if potentials arrive at axon hillock at slightly different times

29
Q

True of False: Temporal summation is more important than
spatial summation in action potential generation
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

30
Q

what are neurotransmitters?

A

synthesized and stored in presynaptic neuron
released from presynaptic axon terminal by an action potential
has specific receptors that recognize it on postsynaptic membrane
applying the substance changes the postsynaptic cell
blocking release of substance prevents these changes in the postsynaptic cell

31
Q

types of neurotransmitters

A

amino acids or derivative of amino acids-glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine
small proteins- neuropeptides
steroids
gases- nitric oxide, carbon monoxide
lipids- endocannabinoids

32
Q

co-release

A

cell can contain several neurotransmitters
likely each vesicle only contains one type of neurotransmitter

33
Q

glutamate and GABA

A

most abundant neurotransmitters in the brain

34
Q

glutamate

A

main excitatory neurotransmitter

35
Q

excitation

A

allows one neuron to activate another

36
Q

GABA

A

main inhibitory neurotransmitter

37
Q

inhibition

A

stops/blocks the activation of a neuron

38
Q

seizures and loss of consciousness/coma

A

result from glutamate/GABA imbalances

39
Q

glutamate receptors

A

released by terminals
3 ionotropic receptors: AMPA, NMDA, and Kainate receptors
1 class of metabotropic receptors: mGluR

40
Q

ionotropic: AMPA receptor and Kainate receptor

A

cation: Na+ enters cell, K+ leaves cell
overall main effect is Na+ enters cell
EPSP

41
Q

ionotropic: NMDA receptor

A

both ligand-gated and voltage-gated
glutamate
Mg2+ block released by depolarization
cation: Na+ & Ca2+ enter the cell, K+ leaves cell
Overall effect is Na+ & Ca2+ enter cell
EPSP

42
Q

activation of AMPA receptors

A

release Mg2+ block and open NMDA receptors
important in learning and memory

43
Q

GABA receptors

A

2 ionotropic receptors: GABAa and GABAc
1 class of metabotropic receptors: GABAb

44
Q

ionotropic: GABAa receptor

A

Cl- enters cell
IPSP
binding sites for drugs that increased receptor function ex. sedatives, anesthetics, alcohol

45
Q

ionotropic: glycine receptor

A

Cl- enters cell
IPSP
spinal cord, brainstem

46
Q

A seizure can be caused by too much _______, and a coma can be caused by too much _______
A. GABA, glutamate
B. glutamate, GABA
C. GABA, glycine

A

B. glutamate, GABA

47
Q

norepinephrine/noradrenaline

A

originates in locus coeruleus and projects throughout brain
arousal and sleep/wake
mood
cognitive function
sympathetic nervous system

48
Q

norepinephrine/noradrenaline receptors

A

metabotropic a1, a2, b1, b2

49
Q

overproduction of norepinephrine

A

anxiety, stress, hyperarousal, PTSD (prazosin & propranolol)

50
Q

serotonin (5-HT)

A

originates in dorsal raphe and projects throughout brain
sleep/wake cycle
feeding (hunger and satiety)
mood

51
Q

serotonin receptors

A

matabotropic 5-HT receptors (15 receptors)

52
Q

dopamine (DA) origins

A

1) ventral tegmental area and projects to limbic and cortical. areas- reward and reinforcement
2) substantia nigra and projects to striatum/caudate- motor control

53
Q

dopamine receptors

A

metabotropic D1-D5 receptors

54
Q

dopamine receptors starting to die

A

schizophrenia, drug addiction, Parkinson’s disease (L-dopa)

55
Q

acetylcholine (ACh) in CNS

A

originates from the basal forebrain
cholinergic cell bodies and projections contain acetylcholine

56
Q

acetylcholine lost

A

Alzheimer’s disease

57
Q

ionotropic acetylcholine receptor in CNS

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

58
Q

metabotropic acetylcholine receptor in CNS

A

muscarinic acetylcholine receptor

59
Q

acetylcholine in PNS

A

neuromuscular junction

60
Q

ionotropic acetylcholine receptor in PNS

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

61
Q

Neuromodulatory transmitter receptors tend to be ______
A. Ionotropic
B. Metabotropic

A

B. metabotropic
most modulatory transmitter receptors are metabotropic

62
Q

autoreceptors

A

on presynaptic axon terminal membrane
negative feedback loop
important to turn off the receptor to stop the over-release of the neurotransmitter

63
Q

autoreceptors include

A

metabotropic receptors
NE a2 receptors
GABAb receptors

behavioral neuroscience (19 decks)

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