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Behavioral Neuroscience > Motor > Flashcards

Motor Flashcards

1
Q

circuits that drive movement

A

voluntary movement and reflexes

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2
Q

proprioception

A

knowing position and movement of body
muscle length
muscle tension/movement

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3
Q

True or false: Voluntary movements are made up of different
combinations/speeds of reflexes.

A

FALSE
reflexes are different processes than voluntary movement

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4
Q

spinal reflex

A

simple, varying and unlearned responses
don’t require brain inputs to the spinal cord

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5
Q

voluntary movement

A

require brain inputs to the spinal cord
motor plan, or motor program, is established before action occurs
ex. adjust. balance before reaching out to hold a door knob

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6
Q

voluntary motor systems

A

sensing the outside world guides action selection
ex. approach reward/reinforcer or withdraw from negative
central nervous system produces specific patterns of muscle contractions that lead to specific actions

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7
Q

systems involved in voluntary motor movement

A

primary motor cortex
non-primary motor cortex
cerebellum/basal ganglia
brainstem
spinal cord
skeletal muscle system

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8
Q

primary motor cortex

A

initiate main commands

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9
Q

non-primary motor cortex

A

additional motor commands

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10
Q

cerebellum/basal ganglia

A

modulate motor control systems

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11
Q

brainstem

A

integrates motor commands from higher brain regions

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12
Q

spinal cord

A

implements commands from brain
formed by axons of M1 neurons in primary motor cortex

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13
Q

skeletal muscle system

A

determine possible movements

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14
Q

Which brain region is responsible for initiating most motor
commands?
A. Brainstem
B. Primary motor cortex
C. Cerebellum
D. Basal ganglia

A

B. primary motor cortex

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15
Q

skeletal muscles

A

can be synergists or antagonists

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16
Q

synergists

A

contract together

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17
Q

antagonists

A

contract opposing each other

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18
Q

how to muscles contract?

A

alpha motoneuron sends an axon that branches
each axonal branch/terminal opposes a separate muscle fiber at a motor end plate- individual muscle fiber- can widely spread axon terminals- different muscle fibers

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19
Q

synapse of muscles

A

neuromuscular junctions

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20
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

alpha motoneuron releases acetylcholine (ACh) to the motor end plates from the axon terminal

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21
Q

ACh binds to ___ in the neuromuscular junction

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in the motor end plate to allow Na+ influx

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22
Q

Na+ influx from neuromuscular junction creates

A

EPP (end plate potential) which triggers muscle fiber contraction

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23
Q

What is an end plate potential most similar to?
A. Action potential
B. Postsynaptic potential

A

B. Postsynaptic potential

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24
Q

When you step on a
nail, why don’t you fall
down? How do you
balance while walking?

A

having reflex on one side bringing it back- other leg tightens and balances
cross extensor system

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25
Q

cross extensor system

A

specific to spinal cord & legs
info from one side switches to the other side
not just used for reflexes- used when we walk

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26
Q

stimulus of stepping on a nail on the right side

A

stimulus goes up sensory into spinal cord- goes into right dorsal side- synapse on neuron-interneuron- shuttles info on right dorsal spinal cord to right ventral spinal cord- alpha motoneuron controls foot- crosses spinal cord- ventral left side motoneurons- give information to appropriately control their muscles

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27
Q

walking

A

central pattern generator

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28
Q

antagonistic muscles

A

right hamstring contracts, quadricep stretches
left hamstring relaxes, quadricep contracts

29
Q

What are the quadricep and hamstring examples of?
A. Integrative muscles
B. Antagonistic muscles
C. Synergistic muscles

A

B. antagonistic muscles

30
Q

pyramidal motor system

A

primary motor cortex
nonprimary motor cortex

31
Q

primary motor cortex M1

A

homunculus- somatosensory and M1 don’t line up the same
Betz cells (pyramidal neurons) form the homunculus

32
Q

pyramidal system- voluntary movements

A

M1 pyramidal neurons form axon bundles
crosses in the medulla
descends caudally in spinal cord via corticospinal tract
synapse onto ventral spinal cord alpha-motoneurons
muscle fiber contracts

33
Q

M1 simple movements

A

contraction of simple muscle “units” leads to simple movements

34
Q

SMA/premotor cortices

A

SMA and premotor cortex control subsets of M1 neurons
coordinated activity of muscle units to produce complex movements

35
Q

SMA

A

planning movement that is internally generated, rehearse

36
Q

premotor

A

directs movement based on external stimuli
ex. gripping closer to the water bottle rather than farther away

37
Q

mirror neurons in premotor cortex

A

neurons active when performing a task
same neurons also active when watching someone else perform same/similar task
understand/imitate another person’s actions- maybe for learning? or for cooperation
empathy?
language?
autism spectrum disorder?

38
Q

motor deficits

A

paralysis
spasticity
neurological problems- where the problem is permanent or can be. partially healed

39
Q

spasticity

A

motorneurons
spinal cord
primary cortex

40
Q

primary cortex deficit

A

stroke in primary motor cortex- due to plasticity of motorneurons can be partially healed

41
Q

spinal cord deficit

A

often persistent- lesion of spinal cord- message is not traveling down spinal cord

42
Q

motorneuron deficit

A

often partial recovery
lesions in motor cortex- due to plasticity can be healed over time

43
Q

motor deficits

A

apraxia (non-primary motor cortex)
ideomotor apraxia
ideational apraxia

44
Q

apraxia (non-primary motor cortex)

A

impairment in beginning/executing voluntary even though no muscle paralysis

45
Q

ideomotor apraxia

A

the inability to carry out a simple motor activity in response to verbal command, even though this same activity is readily performed spontaneously
cannot generate when they are asked to- cannot start the movement

46
Q

ideational apraxia

A

the inability to carry out a sequence of actions, even though each element can be done correctly
capable of each task in the sequence but cannot do them together

47
Q

extrapyramidal motor systems connects

A

with motor cortices to form a closed loop
cortex to EMS to cortex

48
Q

extrapyramidal motor systems

A

basal gangli and cerebellum

49
Q

EMS: basal ganglia

A

initiation of motor action (related to motivational systems and cognition)

50
Q

EMS: cerebellum

A

coordination, precision, and accurate timing
alcohol can inhibit the activity of the cerebellum: causing them to slur their words or stumble losing coordination

51
Q

basal ganglia and primary motor cortex synchronicity

A

activity in the basal ganglia looks similar to the activity in the primary motor cortex

52
Q

cerebellum and non-primary motor cortex synchronicity

A

cerebellum forms closed loop with non-primary motor cortex
similar patterns of neuron activity

53
Q

Which part of the central nervous system would you expect to be
more active in a very talented piano player compared to a beginner
piano player?
A. Spinal cord
B. Cerebellum
C. Medulla
D. Basal ganglia

A

B. cerebellum
ability to move fingers in a precise accurate flow

54
Q

basal ganglia / go/stop pathways

A

D1 and D2 are dopamine receptors

55
Q

Two BG circuits

A

excitatory
inhibitory

56
Q

“excitatory” D1 receptors

A

GO/DIRECT pathway
excitatory postsynaptic potential- fires an action potential

57
Q

“inhibitory” D2 receptors

A

STOP/INDIRECT pathway
inhibitory postsynaptic potential- neurons will not fire action potentials

58
Q

dopamine turns on the

A

D1 GO pathways, which leads to reward-seeking & initiation of movement

59
Q

dopamine turns off the

A

D2 STOP pathways, which leads to reward-seeking & initiation of movement

60
Q

DIRECT/GO

A

cerebral cortex/primary motor cortex -> caudate -> globus pallidus internal-> thalamus

61
Q

basal ganglia regions

A

globus pallidus internal/external
caudate

62
Q

GO PATHWAY

A

cerebral cortex -> sends info (glutamate) to caudate -> excitatory-> caudate is receiving info from substantia nigra-> dopamine is released from SN-> dopamine binds D1 receptor EPSP-> glutamate receptor EPSP-> D1 releases NT GABA into globus pallidus internal-> cells in GPe are inhibited and do not release action potentials-> cells in thalamus are excited because of lack of GABA release and release glutamate-> cerebral cortex-> permission to move has been granted-> M1 motoneurons send action potentials down axon

63
Q

INDIRECT PATHWAY

A

cerebral cortex-> D2 receptors in caudate-> GPe-> subthalamic nucleus-> GP1-> thalamus-> cerebral cortex

64
Q

STOP PATHWAY

A

glutamate from cerebral cortex to caudate-> SN releases dopamine to D2 receptors-> glutamate EPSP, dopamine IPSP, cancels each other out-> neuron that has D2 receptor does not fire action potential-> subthalamic does not release glutamate to GPi-> GPi does not release GABA-> thalamus fires glutamate-> cerebral cortex-> permission to move is granted

65
Q

when dopamine is present

A

triggers movement both pathways
turn on go and turn off stop

66
Q

when dopamine is not present

A

blocks movement
basal ganglia does not grant permission

67
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

resting tremor, impaired gait, difficulty initiating movements
unknown etiology (partially genetic, partially environmental)
loss of substantia nigra dopamine neurons
pharmacological therapy involves dopamine replacement
caudate does not receive dopamine- cannot permit movement

68
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

chorea (writhing movements of limbs, head)
genetic; caused by single allele: trinucleotide expansion in huntington gene (>40 repeats)
longer repeat sequences, earlier onset
permission granted excessively-> more difficult to do the movement that is wanted

69
Q

If Parkinson’s disease can be treated by enhancing dopamine
transmission (via L-dopa replacement), what might be a good strategy
for treating Huntington’s disease?
A. Enhancing dopamine transmission
B. Reducing dopamine transmission
C. Enhancing serotonin transmission
D. Reducing serotonin transmission

A

B. Reducing dopamine transmission

Behavioral Neuroscience (19 decks)

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