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Globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The increasing interconnectedness and interdependance of countries on one another due to developments in technology and transport

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2
Q

3 ways global connections have existed

A
  • trade
  • colonialism
  • cooperation (ww1 international organisations)
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3
Q

What is westernisation?

A

The increasing influence of western culture in other countries

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4
Q

How are connections changing in modern globalisation

A

Widening - across greater distances

deepening - more people involved in many aspects of faraway places

faster - quickly get to other places

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5
Q

How might the width and depth of global connections be stunted?

A
  • difficult visas
  • income - imp ability to consume global products/services
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6
Q

4 flows

A

Capital
commodities
Information
People (Tourists and Migrants) 

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7
Q

How does capital flow between countries?

A

World stock market
investment - FDI
banks 
 Remittances

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8
Q

How do commodities flow across countries? 

A

trades
 Primary goods from developing countries
Manufactured goods from developed countries
Trade imbalance

Fossil fuels, food, minerals, traded between nations, 


Global shift and manufacturing

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9
Q

How information flow across countries

A

The Internet, real-time communication and social media
 Companies can communicate across countries 

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10
Q

How do people lead to flows? 

A

Migrants - permanent move to another country - economic social political environmental - move for better quality of life.

More disposable income = afford travel = tourists

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11
Q

Forms of globalisation

A

Economic, political, social, cultural, environmental 

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12
Q

Examples of economic globalisation (3)

A

TNC
ICT - growth of complex spatial division’s
E-commerce

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13
Q

Political globalisation (5)

A

Growth of trading blocs

Tariffs and quotas 

free trade

credit crunch - sudden reduction of money available for borrowing

global response to natural disasters 

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14
Q

Social globalisation (3)

A

International migrants - world city societies, multiethnic, and pluralistic

Improved education and health

Social interconnectivity due to mobiles and Internet  

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15
Q

Cultural globalisation (2)

A

westernisation, cultural traits of the ‘west’ dominate some territories

Circulation of ideas due to social media. Quick access and circulationto information. 

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16
Q

Environmental globalisation

A

Increasing concern for global environment

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17
Q

What is meant by interdependence?

A

An increase reliance on one another countries

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18
Q

Advantage (2) and disadvantage (1) of remittances

A

More money to support Family and people

Multiplier effect

Increase reliance causes insecurity 

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19
Q

What is isochronic distances? 

A

The time spent to travel a certain distance 

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20
Q

How has isochronic distances changed over a century

A

Increase accessibility due to flights and more airports fly straight there - time reduced

Not reliant on ports or going across landmass - landlocked countries connected

Faster efficient rails  

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21
Q

What are barriers to transport infrastructure?

A

Climates - impacts ability to reach there and ppl living - less developed in hostile climates environments - les d’infrastructure

Environment - harder to build

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22
Q

What is the shrinking world idea?
Times space compression 

A

Places are perceptually closer to each other, as it is more accessible -

more connectivity changes, preconceptions of time, distance, and potential barriers leads to time space compression

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23
Q

How does transport improve trade?

A

comm and transport improve = ppl can communicate across long distances better = companies can empty, sell and buy across wider places = more trade = more capital = more invested back into transport to grow bigger

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24
Q

3 key transport innovations

A
  • Steam Power: steam ships quick armies and trade links btw Africa and Asia. Trains quickly link cities and countries e.g. Trans-Siberian Railway
  • Containerism: Shipping enables large quantity of stock to be transported over long distances using intermodal containers e.g. Cosco chines vessel
  • jet / Planes: travel time shortened considerably - tourism and business trips. Fruit and short life produce transport quick enough.
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25
Q

How has IT impacted globalisation

A

E-commerce stores
instant businesses and social communication - incr TNCs
CAD (computer aided design) incr flexibility of manufacturing - less reliant on humans - footloose
AI - does repetitive tasks incr creative tasks to be done by humans

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26
Q

What is privatisation and its impacts

A

state-owned assets being sold for private ownership

  • incr competition = should be better quality or prices
  • less gov borrowing
  • less political interference
  • monopoly abuse - possible increase prices so unaffordable to people
  • incr foreign ownership and power
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27
Q

Meaning of Free-trade and its impacts

A

Trade btw countries without barriers to trade like tariffs or quotas

  • ppl get lower -priced good
  • exporters protected - products no added costs = more competitive
  • prices lower for importers
  • national businesses that face more competition
  • ppl’s jobs put at risk
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28
Q

what is the Bretton Woods Agreement

A

1945 - start of IMF, World Bank and later WTO. After ww2 way to regulate international monetary systems to protect global trade, encourage free trade instead of protectionism

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29
Q

International Monetary Fund Aims

A

promote econ stability - regulating econ policies to ensure global trade is not harm

allows gov borrowing in return for following their rules

preventing the spread of communism

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30
Q

IMF Pros

A

enables gov borrowing
checks over financial policies
global trade and econ stabilised

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31
Q

IMF Drawbacks

A

austerity programmes or having to follow inspection
hard to protect national interest - no tariffs or quotas
power and benefits mainly with Europe and America

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32
Q

World Bank Aims

A

developmenf - aims to reduce num of ppl living under $1.90 per day (poverty) to less than 3%
Income growth of the bottom 40%

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33
Q

World Bank Pro

A

offers low interest loans, grants and tech assistance to low income
free trade - cheaper products for ppl

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34
Q

World Bank Drawbacks

A

conditions to grants (to join)
sm policies promote environ degradation

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35
Q

WTO Aims

A

trade liberalisation - ask countries to abandon protectionism - promote free trade and less tariffs and quotas

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36
Q

WTO Pro

A

free trade = cheaper products for pop
international trade - greater market
can get loans
operates on one country one vote system - to be fairer unlike IMF or World Bank

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37
Q

WTO Drawbacks

A

loans have conditions - developing countries need more so are more vulnerable to harsher or unfair trade regulations

lower prices on imported goods = local job loss

hasn’t stopped developed subsidising its farmers - CAP europe

bargaining with Europe and US - has more power

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38
Q

What is FDI?

A

Financial injection made by company into nations economy either to build new facilities or to acquire or merge with an existing firm already based there

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39
Q

What is protectionism

A

against free trade play some tariffs or quotas in place to restrict international trade to protect the nation‘s economy and businesses 

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40
Q

What is a trade bloc

A

A group of countries without barriers to trade

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41
Q

Examples of trade blocs

A

ASEAN
EU

42
Q

Advantages of trade blocs

A

Cheaper to import products from inside the trade lock reduces price for businesses and people

help exporters - cheaper to sell in trade blocks so the products are more competitive.

Comparative advantage country can focus on producing what they are good at and trade for things they are not. For example, UK is good at finance

43
Q

Disadvantage of trade blocs

A

Pay money to be part of the block to be invested into funds

Conditions to be part of the trade bloc

More competition which reduces domestic opportunities in business or jobs

Compromise and concession 

Interdependence - Greece, economic crash 2009, put the euro at
risk 

Loss of the sovereignty- hard to be independent on one’s own decisions 

44
Q

How is trade supported in a trade bloc

A

Removal of tariffs

protection from foreign competition (outside trade bloc)

firms have a comparative advantage

big markets, increased demand reason the volume of production lowering manufacturing cost per unit due to econs of scale

45
Q

Describe ASEAN 

A

Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 10 countries formed 1967 after colonialisation includes Singapore Malaysia, Philippines

combined population of 650 mil

Fifth largest economy in the world 

46
Q

Original 4 Aims of ASEAN

A

Improve economic growth by greater integration of economy

encourage social progress through improvements in education and health

improve regional security

provide a mechanism for resolving regional disputes - after colonialism

47
Q

New aims of ASEAN

A

protection of environment - e.g Philippines v vulnérable

acting as a counterbalance to neighbouring superpowers

a possible movement to a common currency

48
Q

How does the EU help

A

EU structural funds to develop economies - e.g European regional development fund, and subsidies issued under CAP

Helps countries gained global reputation

political, unity and economic interdependency

only group of nations that grant or citizens of member states freedom of movement 

49
Q

What is neoliberalism

A

developing countries remove obstacles to free market capitalism and allow capitalism to generate development

50
Q

five key features of the neo liberalisation

A

Privatisation

encouraging business start-ups

cutting state spending - especially on welfare

cutting taxes - people have more money for spending

free trade

Integration into the global economy


51
Q

What does special economic zones

A

Places with tax breaks, or subsidiaries to encourage businesses to invest 

52
Q

In what ways is China open door?

A

TNCs are now allowed, invest in some sectors of China’s domestic market.

FDI from China, and its TNCs is predicted to total US$1.25 trillion between 2015 and 2025

2014 agreed to export more rare Earth minimals to other countries in line with WTO. 

53
Q

In what ways is China still closed door?

A

Google and Facebook have little or no access to China market.

Chinese government has strict quota of only 34 foreign films to be screen in cinemas.

Still strict controls on foreign TNCs in some sectors. For example, Coca-Cola is acquisition of
Huiyan Juice blocked in 2008 

54
Q

 What is an aerotropolis? 

A

Cities built around airports

55
Q

Advantage of special economic zones

A

Attracts FDI + TNCs - produce jobs and business for domestic firms e.g supplies domestically bought

Transfer of skills + tech strengthens domestic firms allows them to grow globally

multiplier effect 

56
Q

Foreign acquisition

A

TNC launches a takeover of a company in another country

57
Q

foreign merger

A

Two firms in different countries joined forces to create a single entity

58
Q

Off shoring

A

TNC move is part of their production processes to another country to reduce labour or other costs

59
Q

Outsourcing

A

TNC contracts another company to produce the goods and services they need rather than doing it themselves. This result in the growth of complex supply chains.

60
Q

GPN - Global production network

A

chain of connected suppliers of parts and materials that contribute to the manufacturing or assembly of consumer goods

61
Q

Why do TNCs invest in GPN?

A

Foreign countries with lower environmental laws, and labour / land costs

62
Q

How have GPNs been able to develop

A

Due to investment into transport and infrastructure, as well is communication and economic liberalisation

63
Q

What is Just in time? 

A

time gap between production and delivery to customers is sharply reduced - production supply chains must be streamlined

64
Q

What is meant by motive means and mobility

A

Spread of TNCs because they shared motive - profit, they have the means to move finances around the world and mobility to transport and communicate over long distances 

65
Q

Why have new markets developed?

A

Increase disposable income in emerging countries

66
Q

How many people have moved up from poverty to high income bracket since 1990s in Latin America, Asia and the Middle East and economies

A

2 billion

67
Q

What is glocalisation?

A

global products that have been adapted to local taste - e.g McDonald’s

68
Q

Positives of TNCs living standards

A

Raise living standards, (FDI increases productivity of labour force, higher wages and rising living standards ) multiplier effect

69
Q

Positives of TNC - skills and businesses

A

Transfer of skills and technologies, more people in developing countries develop new skills and domestic suppliers get more orders

70
Q

Positives of TNCs

A

Raise living standards

technology and skills transfer

political stability

higher environmental standards

71
Q

How can TNCs, political stability

A

Investment from TNCs contribute to economic growth, providing work for the ‘floating population’ - which helps reduce conflict between rural and urban populations

72
Q

How can TNCs improve environmental standards?

A

Have an international brand and therefore will try to develop more sustainable practices

73
Q

Negative impact TNCs

A

Tax avoidance
growing global inequalities
environmental degradation, unemployment

74
Q

Negatives TNCs, economic leakage

A

tax in headquarters in another country, avoid tax and profit goes elsewhere

75
Q

Negative TNCs growing global inequalities

A

TNCs cluster in selected economies, concentrating FDI in favourite regions. GSEZ zone is, for example, more investment into east, China, rather than West China

76
Q

Environmental degradation, TNCs negative

A

Developing countries, low, environmental regulations, therefore
environmentally unfriendly activities exported to those countries leads to pollution a

e.g. river Ganges, one of the most polluted in the world, due to factories

77
Q

Unemployment, TNCs negative

A

Outsourcing and out shoring, leaves unemployment in developed economies

Leads to more government spending to provide benefits

78
Q

Four steps, Taiwan took to develop due to government changes in policies

A

Land reforms - buying land from the elite and providing it to the rest allows to make a profit

push for industrialisation - manufacturing - cheap labour - competition by TNCs for labour - higher wages

Deregulated economy fewer regulations - cost of production decreases

ppl afford sch = increase education levels = access to tertiary and quaternary = higher pay

79
Q

How has Nike in Vietnam influenced its people?

A

Secondary employment plays pays much higher than farming or other state jobs - multiplier affect and higher taxes to then be spent on the country

helps people out of the ‘subsidence trap’ they can gain more high skilled jobs

80
Q

Vietnam and child labour

A

Outlaw child labour in 1988

children go to school in education can access higher paying to tertiary and quaternary jobs 

81
Q

How has Kenya been reluctant to change

A

No land reform rights

82
Q

Why is the Sahel region switched off?

A

Subsistence farmer and no land reforms - No Ownership no making profit low disposable income not an attractive market for TNCs

not a lot tax to be invested into transport infrastructure factories unattractive TNCs

Landlocked and remote difficult to access by travel or trade 

lacks raw materials as well as investment to process it - not attractive trade partner, restricts, economic flow

83
Q

what historical factors might impact switched off areas?

A

Colonialisation a neo colonialisation

e.g. Gambia more regular flights to London then with Senegal its neighbour

84
Q

 Why is North Korea switched off?

A

No access to Internet or social media switched off to social and cultural flows of globalisation

85
Q

Why is global shift accelerated?

A

Individual in Asian countries, such as India, 1991, open the doors to oversea investment.

TNCs began to seek new areas of manufacturing like China, and for outsourcing services like cool centres in India,

FDI began to flow into the emerging and re-emerging Asian countries,

low cost of transport/containerisation

86
Q

Infrastructure benefits of global shift to manufacturing to China

A

Maglev magnetic levitation train means 30 km journey between Shanghai airport and CBD takes eight minutes increase transport and communication

87
Q

benefits of global shift to manufacturing to China wage to work

A

Higher disposable income = multiplier effect.

Car ownership has grown

Conditions have improved as companies have to be competitive for workers.

88
Q

Benefits of global shift of manufacturing to China, poverty reduction

A

Middle-class, rising rapidly 300 million Chinese people are now considered middle class

Urban incomes have risen 10% a year since 2005

89
Q

Benefits of global shift of manufacturing to China, education and training

A

Educators three, compulsory 94% of Chinese of 15 and literate can access to tertiary and quaternary jobs = higher pay

companies move up manufacturing value chain to 2010 gov strategic planning

90
Q

Cost of global shift of manufacturing to China - environment

A

Air pollution, causes lung cancer and heart problems kills 1.6 million people a year

40% of China’s farmland and now suffering degradation

70% of Chinese, rivers and lakes enough polluted. 

91
Q

Cost of the global shift to China - water

A

100 cities suffer from extreme water shortage

groundwater become increasingly polluted and 60% is of poor extremely poor quality

92
Q

Cost of Global Shift China - unplanned housing

A

Land value increases and shortage of land. An increase in housing cost increase in squatter settlements.

93
Q

Cost of global manufacturing China inequality

A

Real urban migration, large inequality between rural and urban areas, widening income gap
spiral of decline 

94
Q

Why TNCs attracted to India for outsourcing

A

Large, skilled workforce, slow, labour cost, tax incentives, and world-class, infrastructure and technologies.
Companies outsource the IT requirements as it saves costs up to 40 to 50%.

95
Q

Benefits of outsourcing to India

A

City Mumbai now technical 10 universities. Many research centres specialising in IT engineering.

Call centres workers and get middle of class.

Wages boom in service sector follow school because everyone coming to Mumbai has a good chance of finding work - due to multiplier effect

infrastructure has improved.

large Indian operators, conduct contract work

clusters of key industries Mumbai 

96
Q

Costs of outsourcing services to India

A

13 of worlds top 20 polluted cities are in India

industrial waste and agricultural run-off lead to water pollution e.g. the Ganges ranked amongst worlds 10 most polluted rivers

exploitation of workers up to 10 hour shifts and six days, a week

widening income, gap - more billionaires than the UK, but still 500 million who live in homes without toilets

more demand for land leads to deforestation cause flooding, lost biodiversity land erosion and climate change,

overcrowding and shortage of land 60% of people live in slums.

97
Q

How has air pollution increased?

A

Increased use of cause energy consumption due to high disposable income and secondary manufacturing

Air pol reduces life expectancy by 3.2 years - top 20 most polluted

In rural areas pollution from paraffin stove snake killed more than 1 million people a year

98
Q

Water pollution

A

Less than one third sewage from urban areas are treated. Ganges ranked amongst worlds 10 most polluted rivers

factories use the River Mithi to dump untreated waste. 800 mil litres of sewage into the river every day.

99
Q

Deforestation desertification

A

25% of India land experiencing desertification

commercial logging converting for forest to algricilture.

urbanisation and industrial expansion,

mining

construction of reservoir (Sardar Sarovar Dam)

100
Q

Greenhouse gases

A

India is the worlds third largest emitter of carbon dioxide

main reason - It still uses coal as a main source of energy - wants to reduce reliance but still around 400 million people in the country without access to electricity.

101
Q

Climate change

A

More than 60% of Indian farming relies on monsoon. Rain erratic monsoon. Rain pose is a huge threat to farming.

102
Q

Kuznets Curve

A

The idea that environmental degradation occurs while developing, and after a country has developed can reinvest into the environment

geography (12 decks)

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